— / ^ ^ 

jhlSTOHY 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 






LIMITED 'STATES OF AMERICA. 



A 

SYNOPSIS OF HISTORY, 

ANCIENT AND MODERN. 



GIVING A GENERAL VIEW OF THE POLITICAL WORLD, FROM THE RISE OF ANCIENT 



MONARCHIES, DOAVN TO THE PRESENT AGE. 



a BY 



CHARLES MELHORN. 



.ri/f<-' 



ADA, OHIO: 
Millar & Rutlege, Plblishers. 

1878. 

Or 



THE LIBRARY 
OF CONGRESS 

WASHINGTOKj! 



Entered According to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by 

CHARLES MELHORN, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



Electkotyped, CAMPBELL, <Si CO. Cin. Q. 



nil 



■^iA.^^ 



PREFACE. 



Could we but arrange the events of the great past in such a manner as to 
note, at a glance, not only the condition of one nation, but of all nations in 
their dififerent periods, — the whole political world, as it were, we would supply 
a demand of the present ;;ge. Could we but name and place in their respec- 
tive nations, Time's great men, and their achievements, and above all, if 
this knowledge could be imparted in a form that it would serve us instantly, 
at all times, we would meet the exigency of every intelligent reader or 
speaker. 

It is in view of these things that the author presents to the public this little 
volume— Synopsis of History. The book is designed as a reliable historical 
reference, for the inquirer, whatever his situation; at the fireside, in the school, 
class, or lecture room, in the literary association;— a key and guide for all 
lovers of history. There are at present many historical maps, charts, and 
chronological tables of history before the public; but these are large, incon- 
venient, and consequently of little immediate practical advantage. Besides, 
being merely a succession of topics and dates, the reading of course, soon 
becomes dry and monotonous. 

The Synopsis of History as the name indicates, presents parts so as to give 
ageneral view of the whole; and, though it is aimed to state these facts in a 
manner that will interest, yet the narrow columns are an apology for the 
absence of any attempt at rhetorical display. 

The principal diflSculty that has always attended the study of history is to 



PREFACE. 

fix in our minds contemporary characters and events. We read of a nation, 
of its great men, of their services to society; but whether great names of other 
nations belong to their period, it is difficult to decide. Search out their 
records; the dates of their births and deaths; but this multitude of figures only 
serves to confuse and impair our memories. With biogi aphical names, the 
aim in this volume is not to give the date, but the age in which these charac- 
ters lived; and thus the contemporaries of any period can be seen at a glance, 
each one in his respective nation. 

The dates of great battles and other important events, have been carefully 
taken from those works acknowledged to be the most authentic. An elaborate 
alphabetical index of over eight hundred topics will be found at the close of 
the work, directing the inquirer to the page and column of the name or inci- 
dent he wishes to find. 

Time and labor have been spent in endeavoring to make this little volume 
a valuable accession to the method of diffusing knowledge; whether it can be 
looked upon as such is left for public decision. 

Charles Melhorn. 
Ada, June, 1878. 



ANCIENT MONARCHIES. 

From 2230 B. C to 776 B. C. 



EGYPT, CHALDEA AND ASSYRIA. 

The political history of mankind properly begins with the oriental nations, 
of which the most prominent are the Egyptians, the Chaldeans, and the 
Assyrians. Writers of ancient history are very contradictory in their state- 
ments concerning these peoi)le. The first invasion of Egypt is suppojied to 
have been made by a band of adventurers, who found the dynasty known as 
the Shepherd Kings, about 2048 years B.C. This dynasty lasts until about 
1825 B. C, when the Sheph rd Kings are expelled. Jacob settles in the land 
of Goshen, 1706 B.'C. , and the Israelites depart from Egypt, 1491 B. C. Upper 
Egypt for a long time divided into a number of kingdoms, is united into one, 
about the year 1157 B. C. The country is finally conquered by the Assyrians. 

Of Chaldea, Ximrod is supposed to be the foun er, about 2230 B. C, and his 
dynasty covers a period of two hundred and fifty years, eleven kings reigning. 
A second Chaldean kingdom is founded about 1956 B. C. lasting until 1500 
B. C. In 1250 B. C. Chaldea is absorbed in Assyria, whose people are, at this 
time, the most powerful of the Asiatics. Their rule extends over all Mesopo- 
tamia, Media, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Phoenicia . The latter is the 
only country of Asia whose p ople colonize the Mediterranean coasts. The 
J hoenicians plant a colony at Carthage, 850 B. C; and are the founders of 
commerce and the most enterprising of the ancient oriental monarchies. 
Their vessels touch the sho es of England. Spain, and India. 

In these monarchies, mankind makes little or no advancement. The des- 
potic character of the governments, and the cast of the people, utterly pre- 
clude the idea of political progress. 776 



EGYPT. ROME. 

From 776 B. C. to 509 B. C. 



CONQUEST OF EGYPT. 

Egypt in about the year 660, B. C. 
is released from the bondage of the 
Assyrians by Psanimetichus, who 
after a prosperous reign, is succeeded 
by his son Pharaoh Necho, 616 B. C. 
This monarch is conquered by the re- 
nowned Nebuchadnezzar, king of 
Babylon, 604 B. C. Egypt remains 
thus until the capture of Babylon by 
the Persians, when it is made tribu- 
tary to Persia by Cambyses, the son of 
Cyrus, 525 B, C. Several revolts are 
raised, but the Egyptians are as often 
subjugated, and they become lost to 
history for many years. 509 

The ancient Egyptians were a peo- 
ple remarkable for their early civiliz- 
ation; for an early acquaintance with 
the arts and sciences, and for laws, 
some of which have drawn forth eulo- 
gies from our greatest modern legisla- 
tors. 

Among the curious, yet highly ben- 
ficial laws, that ancient historians 
mention of the Egyptians, was that 
which required every individual to 
appear annually, before a specified 
magistrate and state his profession or 
manner of living, and a severe pun- 
ishment was inflicted on him who 
failed to give evidence of an honest 
occupation. The penal laws were at- 
tended with great severity, a person 
neglecting to save the life of a citizen, 
if in his power, was dealt with as his 
murderer. Ha who disclosed the se- 
crets of state, suffered the most pain- 
ful death, and forgers, and dishonest 
tradesmen were punished with the 
loss of a limb or limbs. Debtors were 
compelled to give the embalmed body 
of a deceased relative, as security un- 
til the debt was discharged. 



ROME UNDER THE KINGS. 

The history of Rome, the most pow- 
erful nation of antiquity, begins with 
its foundation by Romulus, 752 B. C. 
With Romulus commences what is 
known as the regal period of the Ro- 
mans. He is succeeded by Numa, 715 
B. C, a very wise king, and under 
whose rule the people make great ad- 
vancement. The third king is Tullus 
Hostilius, 672. Not so successful as 
his predecessor, and is destroyed in 
the thirty-third year of his reign, 640, 
and Ancus Martins is chosen king. 
Under him the Romans become more 
powerful; but their prosperity is great- 
ly increased by his successor, Tarquin- 
ius, surnamcd Prisons, 616. The lat- 
ter advances the military power of 
Rome by his victories over the Sabines 
and Latins, and the conquest of Etru- 
ria. He also lays the foundations of 
the capital, supplying the city with 
fresh water, by aqueducts and sew- 
ers. Society is refined by separating 
the people into classes. The career 
of Tarquinius is ended by his assasin- 
ation, in the thirty-eighth year of his 
reign, 577- Sorvius Tullius is sixth 
king of Rome. He establishes the 
census, builds a magnificent temple 
to Diana, (the Roman war God) and 
is destroyed by Tarquinius, his son- 
in-law, 534. ThisTarquin, called the 
Proud, is the seventh and last king o^ 
Rome. His tyrannies render him so 
odious to his people, that he is at last 
banished from Rome forever, 509. 
Kingly rule is now ended, having ex- 
isted for two hundred and lorty-three 
years, and a consular government in- 
stituted. Brutus and CoUatinus are 
chosen first consuls. 509 



GREECE 



From 776 B. C to 509 B. C. 



PERSIA. 



ATHENS AND SPARTA. 

Authentic Greek history commences 
with the First Olympiad, 776 B. C, 
being a four year festival of Olympian 
Jupiter, known better as the Olympian 
Games. The Greeks, years before gov- 
erned by kings, are, at this period, 
republican in government, and the 
country divided into states. The two 
principal and rival states are Athens 
and Sparta. In the former the chief 
oflBcers are called archons. The gov- 
ernment, though republic, is greatly 
centralized and the people become 
dissatisfied. Draco, an archon, insti- 
tutes a new code of laws, about 624 B. 
C. These laws, blood written, are, 
from their great severity, entirely in- 
efficient, and soon fall into disuse. 
The discontents still continue, and 
Solon, known as t e wise law giver of 
Athens, is appointed to revise a code. 
His laws are a success, and under 
them the Athenians are very prosper- 
ous. 

In Sparta the laws are oltained 
from Lycurgus, living years before 
this period, their object being to ad- 
vance the Spartans' condition as a 
warrior; war being considered as the 
only honorable occupation. In their 
conquests the Spartans conquer the 
Messennians, the Arcadians and Ar- 
gives, 569, 547. Factions arising in 
Athens, Pisistratus is made D ctator, 
560. He still enforces the constitu- 
tion, but is finally banished as an 
usurper, 510. A pure democracy is 
now established, and results in in- 
creasing prosperity, which is not dis- 
turbed until the wars with Persia. 509 



PERSIAN EMPIRE. 

The Persians, at the beginning of 
this period, are in a very rude and 
barbarous condition. They are first 
conquered by Phraortes, king of Me- 
dia, and he in turn is conquered by 
Nebuchadnezzar, 600 B. C. Persia is 
next ruled by Cyrus the Great, 558, 
who is the founder of the great Per- 
sian Empire. He makes Media sub- 
ject to Persia by defeating Astyages. 
Next he marches against Croesus, 
king of Lydia, whom he defeats, add- 
ing near all Asia Minor to Persia, 
556. He conquers the Parthians, Bac- 
trians, and finishes by the capture of 
Babylon, 538. Death ends the career 
of this greatest of Persian monarchs, 
529, having made his kingdom the 
grand power of Asia. His son, Cam- 
byses, ascends the throne, the chief 
event in his reign being the conquest 
of Egypt, 525. During his absence a 
conspiracy is raised in his kingdom, 
and Cambyses, while on his way thith- 
er dies, 522. The leader of the con- 
spiracy is put to death after a fevr 
months reign, and Darius I., son of 
Hystaspes, is made king. Being a 
man of great ability, he soon i)laces 
the kingdom in a flourishing con- 
dition . The land he divides into pro- 
vinces, each being governed by an 
officer called a satrap. The last years 
of his life are spent in active opera- 
tion against the Greeks, wars which 
eventually prove very disastrous for 
Persia. 509 



EGYPT. 



ROME. 



From 509 B. B. to 390 B. C. 



390 



The civil and religious affairs of tho 
ancient Egyptians were invested in 
the same persons; the priests having 
for their state offices, the care of the 
public records. It was their duty to 
levy taxes and regulate weights and 
measures. 

The highest civil tribunal was 
composed of thirty members, who 
on taking their seats, took solemn 
oath that nothing should sway their 
administeringjustiee. They were sup- 
ported by the state. 

Tytler, the English historian, thus 
sums up the character of the ancient 
Egyptians: 

"They possessed a contemptible 
vanity which persuaded them that 
they had attained the summit of ex- 
cellence; and thev disdained tabor- 
row irom, or imitate, the practice.^ of 
other nations. Tho character of their 
mind was feeble. They had no ardor 
of enterprise; no ambition of extend- 
ing their dominion over nations which 
they despised, or holding intercourse 
with them in any way. In fact they 
bore a strong rericmblance to a nation 
known in modern times as the Chi- 
nese." 

When we stvidy the history of these 
!)eople, we almost involuntarily ex- 
claim with the poet 

Oh Egypt! Land on whose soil millioDs have trod, 
Whose ppople, brought the vengeance of a God ; 

Thy »dvance« and reverses, bring, to-day, 
Modern wonder at thy strange markeo way. 



THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 

A bitter hatred and jealousy is dis- 
played between the patricians and 
plebeians, Caius Marcius, named Cori- 
olanus, aspiring to the consulate, is 
exiled by the plebeians. He joins 
the Volcians, and leads their army 
against Rome; but retires at the en- 
treaties of his mother, and is put to 
death by the Volcians, 488 B. C. 

L. Quintius Cincinnatus is chosen 
consul: for defeating the ^qui, is 
honored with a triumph, 460. Dece- 
mirr are now chosen at Rome, who 
compile the laws into what is known 
as the Laws of the Twelve Tables. 
. Appius Claudius, a wicked dece- 
mirr, rouses public indignation, by 
the attempted abduction of Virginia, 
whose father destroys her to save her 
from the villainies of Appius. The 
latter and his companions are put to 
death, and the decemirral power of 
Rome abolished, 44G. Another attack 
is now made by Volcians and iEquians 
but they are defeated by Horatius and 
Valerius. Complaints are again 
raised by the plebeians, and the sen- 
ate suspending the office of counsul,^ 
creates instead, six military tribunes; 
two new magistrates, called Cen- 
sors are instituted, 444. War next 
ensues with the G.'^uls commanded by 
Brennus. The Romans are defeated; 
and the Gauls enter the city,f" massa- 
cre the senators, and then Jpre^Rome 
which is burned to tjie ground. ^90 

*The destraction of Home by the Gaula 
gave theappelation of another founder 
to Camillus, and the Romans lookefi, 
upon tlie event as a grand era in their, 
history. 



GREECE. 



PERSIA. 



From 509 to 390 B. C. 



THE PERSIAN INVASION. 

The Ionian Greeks revolt from the 
Persians defeating them in the great 
battle Marathon, 490. Dissension 
among the Greek leaders, causes the 
imprisoning of MiUiades, and the ban- 
ishment of Aristides, surnamed the 
Just, by his rival Themistocles. The 
Spartans lead in opposing the invad- 
ing Persians, and Leonidas with his 
band of three hundred makes a gal- 
land defense of the mountain pass at 
Thermopyljfi, 480. The Greeks obtain 
the splendid naval victory of Salamis, 
their first sea engagement, 480, and 
Pausanias, at the head of the Greek 
army, next completely defeats the re- 
maining forces of the Persians under 
Mai'donius in the battles of Platas and 
Mycale, 479. After Cimon, the suc- 
cessor of Pausanias, comes, the "Age 
of Pericles," the most prosperous 
period in Athenian history; in -which 
the highest state of Grecian literatiire 
and art is reached. Of the drama is 
^schylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, 
460. Herodotus, the "Father of His- 
tory," Thueydides arid Xenophon,4'20. 
In this age the' Peloponnesian* war 
commences, 431; being a fierce conflict 
between Athcn'g arid hef allies, and 
Sparta and her allies. Itlksts twenty- 
seven years, concluded by the peace 
ofNicias, 421. Soon' after the war is 
recommenced and conducted very un- 
successful for Athenians who suff'er 
defeat a* ^gosPotamos, 405. In 400, 
'Socrrttfes, file grerftes-t df'Grecian phil- 
■o^oph6rs, is condemh(!'il to dejith, on 
charge bfbei'ng a c*orruptor of youth, 
Plato is one of his'disciples. C90 



THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 

The further planning of Darius, 
after the Marathon defeat, is ended by 
his death, 485, and Xerxes prosecutes 
his father's designs, raising a large 
army and fleet. He is joined by Ar- 
temisia, queen of Halicarnassus. 
Suffering such an overwhelming de- 
feat, Xerxes flees from Greece leaving 
his general, Mardonius, to finish the 
conquest, who makes an unsuc- 
cessful attempt to bribe the Athe- 
nians. The schemes of Xerxes, end 
with the battle of Plata^. He offends 
his people, and is murdered in the 
twenty-first year of his reign, 464. 
Artaxerxes, a son, now ascends the 
throne reigning until 421. He is suc- 
ceededby Xerxes II., who reigns but 
forty-five days, when he is assassinat- 
ed by his brother, Sogdianus. The 
latter is dethroned in a few months 
by Ochus, named Darius, and being a 
weak and dissolute prince, his reign 
is but a series of- rebellions. He dies 
404j' leaving the throne to Artaxerxes 
II Cyrus, a brother, determines to 
-'dethrone Artaxerx'6s, and secures the 
aid of tlir'e Greeks. The two armies 
mefet bn th'e plaitis of Cunaxa where 
tiie Greeks are defeated, and Cyrus 
,*kiin. Herd Xenophon conducts the 
memorable- retreat, for which he gains 
'much praise, 400. After Artaxexes, 
A'riaspes, Oehu?, and Arsames, be- 
come competitors ' for the crown, 
which 6chus secures by' assassinating 
Ari.ispes, and Arsames. 390 



.JOS: 



EGYPT. ROME. 

From 390 B. C. to 266 B. C. 



THE PTOLEMIES. 

Alexander, the Great, invades 
Egypt, 332. At Memphis, he makes 
solemn sacrifice to the Egyptian gods, 
and in the conquest of that country, 
treats the inhabitants with the great- 
est consideration. He founds the 
city of Alexandria, as a monument of 
his Egyptian conquests, 332. On the 
division of Alexander's dominions, 
Egypt falls to Ptolemy, the natural 
son of Philip of Macedon, 323. Ptole- 
my, first of the Ptolemaic dynasty, 
secures himself on his throne, con- 
quers Phoenocia and neighboring 
provinces. He labors very diligently 
in placing his kingdom in a prosper- 
ous condition; founding the celebrat- 
ed Alexandrian library, 284, and a 
Museum, for the advancement of sci- 
ence. A war is conducted success- 
fully against Demetrius and Anti- 
gonus, who dispute his right to the 
provinces of Syria. 

He is succeeded, 283, by his son 
Ptolemy II., called Philadelphus. In 
the beginning of his reign, a revolt is 
raised by his brother, Magas, king of 
Cyrene, but the latter's death re-es- 
tablishes peace. His whole reign is 
employed in encouraging industry 
and the useful arts among his people. 
Commerce is increased by his keeping 
;t powerful fleet on the Red and 
Mediterranean seas. The famous li- 
brary is increased to two hundred 
thousand volumes. The inhabitants 
aind cities multiply until Ptolemy has 
dominion over 33,339 cities. In this 
reign the Old Testament is translated 
into the Greek. 266. 



CONQUEST OF ITALY. 

Camillus, with a large army suc- 
ceeded in driving the Gauls from 
Rome, and the city is rapidly rebuilt. 
Camillus is chosen dictator, and a 
new magistrate appointed with the 
title prtetor. New oppressions from 
the Patricians, secure for the Plebe- 
ians the passage of the Licinian Laws, 
by which they obtain political equali- 
ty, 367. Quiet restored, now com- 
mences the Roman conquest of Italy, 
by war with the Samnites, 343. The 
Latins revolt, but are defeated and 
compelled to make peace, by Decius 
and Torquatus, 338 The Samnite 
wars continue, the Tarentines also 
allying themselves against the Ro- 
mans. The latter, however, are 
generally victorious, in one campaign 
capturing and demolishing forty 
towns. Thus Rome's power increases, 
and her boundaries extend. The 
Tarentines at last court the aid of 
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who enters 
the field with an army of thirty thou- 
sand men and a large number of ele- 
phants, the first used in the Roman 
wars. The Romans, though at first 
defeated, are in the end, successful, 
and Pyrrhus is totally defeated in the 
battle of Beneventum, 275. The Sam- 
nites, the Tarentines, the Lucanians, 
and all other states sumit to the arms 
of the Romans who thus become mas- 
ters of the whole Italian peninsula, 
266. This great power is kept central- 
ized by allowing the states self-gov- 
ernment; Rome only retaining the 
power to make peace or war, to coin 
money or to receive embassies. Thus 
is presented the first example of a true 
republic. 266. 



GREECE. 



PERSIA. 



From 390 B. C. to 266 B. C. 



ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 
The Spartans, for aiding Cyrus, are 
leaged against by the states of Argos, 
Thebes, Corinth and Athens, and Ly- 
sander, the Spartan general, is defeat- 
ed and slain. Peace is concluded with 
all but the Thebans. The Spartans 
are again totally defeated by the The- 
ban generals, Epaminondas and Pel- 
opidas in the battle of Leuctra, 371. 
In the battle of Mantinea, Epamin- 
ondas is killed, 362. These wars so 
weaken the combating states that 
Philip, the ambitious king of Mace- 
don determines their conquest. His 
plans succeed, notwithstanding that 
the Athenians are warned by the 
great orator, Demosthenes Philip is 
victorious in the battle of Cha^ronea, 
338, and all the Greeks submit. In the 
midst of his success and plans for fu- 
ture conquests, he is assassinated, 336. 
Among the great names of Greece at 
this period, are Appelles, Zeuxis, 
Parhasius, and Timanthes, painters. 
Philip is succeeded by his son, Alex- 
ander, tutored by the celebrated phil- 
osopher, Aristotle. 

Alexander prepares to execute the 
designs of his farther against Persia, 
and crosses the Hellespont with a large 
army into Asia Minor, 334. Victory 
crowns him in every battle, and all 
Asia is subdued. He dies in debauch, 
at the age of thirty-three, 323; his 
great empire being divided among his 
generals. During his time the sect 
known as the Cyvics, a noted one be- 
ing Diogenes, flourishes. 

Great joy is occasioned in Greece by 
A.lexander's death, freedom from 
Macedonia; but the " Lamian war" 
binds them firmer than ever. Leagues 
are next formed, the principal ones 
being the ^tolian and Achasan. 266. 



FALL OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 

The cruelties of Ochus, render his 
whole reign one of dissension, and he 
is finally poisoned, through the efforts 
of Bagoas, an Egyptian eunuch. After 
his death, Bagoas places Arses on the 
throne, but the latter is destoyed in 
the second year of his reign; and 
Darius Codomanus is made king, 336. 
Bagoas for attempting to dethrone 
him is put to death. Persia now pre- 
pares to meet the invading Grecians, 
under Alexander, the Great. A de- 
cisive battle is fought on the banks of 
the Granicus, 334, in which the army 
of Darius is defeated. Another great 
battle is fought at Issus, 333, and the 
Persians, commanded by Darius are 
routed with great slaughter. 

Darius retreats; crosses the Euphra- 
tes and makes his final stand at Ar- 
bela, in Assyria, with an army of 
seven hundred thousand men. Here 
the Persians are again defeated, three 
hundred thousand being put to 
the sword, 331. Having lost all, the 
Persi.m monarch fljes from province 
to province, and is, at last, murdered 
by Bessus, one of his own satraps. 
Thus ends the Persian monarchy after 
an existance of 207 years; it now be- 
coming tributary to Macedonia, 331. 
266. 

The ancient Persians were a hardy, 
and for many years, a temperate peo- 
ple. But their splendid conquests, 
achieved in this condition, introduced 
that corruption and vice, that, at 
last, made them an easy prey. They 
possessed a large and glittering army; 
yet it was defeated by half their num- 
ber. 

Their government was monarchinl 
in the truest sense; and the best of all 
the ancient nations. 



8 EGYPT. ROME. 

From 266 B. C. to 146 B. C. 



THE PTOLEMIES. 
Ptolemy Philadelphus itii succeeded 
by his son Ptolemy III., surnamed 
Euergetes, 246. In a war against the 
Syrian monarch, Ptolemy III. con- 
quers Cilieia, but further progress is 
arrested by a revolt in his own king- 
dom. He dies after a prosperous 
reign of twenty-seven years; and is 
succeeded by Ptolemy IV., surnamed 
Philopater, 221. The latter renews 
the war against Syria, gaining several 
important victories over Antiochus. 
Ptolemy IV., not possessing those no- 
ble traits of his predecessors, fails in 
preserving the happiness of his peo- 
ple. His life is one of continual de- 
bauch; and ends in the seventeenth 
year of his reign. 204. Ptolemy V., 
crowned at the age of fourteen, soon 
exhibits the vices of his father, and 
many disturbances are raised. These 
are quelled by Polycrates, his faithful 
minister. He is at length removed by 
poison after a reign of twenty-four 
years, 180. Ptolemy VI. receives the 
surname of Philometer. Under him 
war is again waged with Syria, and 
in an engagement he is taken prison- 
er. During his captivity the Egypt- 
ians raise Ptolemy Physeon to the 
throne, but the Syrian king re- 
stores Philometor, and the latter sur- 
mising his plans, associates Physeon 
with him in the government. Jeal- 
ousies, however, soon cause the ban- 
ishmpnt of Physeon, who, through 
the influence of the Romans, obtains 
an independent province. 146. 



THE PUNIC WARS. 

The Romans now complete masters 
of Italy, become ambitious of foreign 
conquest. For aiding the Syracusans, 
they are involved in war with Car- 
thage. This war, called the First 
Punic War, is commenced by the Ro- 
mans capturing Agrigentum, 262. 
They also gain their first naval vic- 
tory, obtaining Corsica and Sardinia, 
250. An expedition invades Africa 
under Regulus, who after several vic- 
tories, is defeated and made prisoner. 
The Carthaginians are, on the whole, 
unsuccessful and compelled to sue for 
peace, 241. Another the Second Punic 
War, commences by the invasion of 
Hannibal's Army, 218. Publius Scip- 
io, with the Roman Army, is defeated 
in several battles. The Syracusans 
break their alliance with Rome, and 
Marcellus besieges the city, 212. It is 
defended by the contrivances of Arch- 
imedes, the geometrician, who, when 
it is taken, is put to death. Hasdru- 
bal, sent to aid Hannibal, is defeated 
and slain . Scipio now invades Africa, 
carrying destruction to the gates of 
Carthage. A brilliant victory is ob- 
tained by the Romans on the plains of 
Zama, 202, and the war ends disas- 
trous for the Carthaginians. Scipio 
returns to Rome and is honored with 
grand triumph, and titled Africanus. 

The Third Punic War ends gloriously 
for Rome, which also becomes pos- 
sessed of Greece. 146. These foreign 
conquests bring stores of wealth into 
Rome, and tho (*rpian law for the sup- 
pression of luxury is repealed; after a 
spirited opposition on the part of 
Cato, the Censor. The Roman name 
is at this period surrounded with more 
glory than any other in the history of 
the republic. 1^6 



GREECE. CARTHAGE. 9 

From 246 B. C. to 146 B. C. 



FALL OF MACEDON. 

These leagues or confederations of 
the Greek states enable them to assert 
their independen e of the Macedon 
ians; and under Aratus and Philopoe 
men, those of the Achaean become 
very prominent. Spartan jealousie; 
finally bring about strife, and Mace 
donia again becomes master, 213 
Philip II. destroys Aratus and his 
son. He then turns his attention to- 
ward the ^tolians, his ambition being 
to subdue all Greece. 

The J^ltolians solicit the aid of the 
Romans, and the latter send an army 
into Greece. Philip is rout d in sev 
oral engagements, and also his son 
and successor, Perseus, the latter be- 
ing defeated and taken captive in the 
great battle of Pydna, 16i, He is car- 
ried to Rome to adorn the triumph 
of the consul iEmilius. The Greek 
republics remain for a time indepen- 
dent, but constant seditions oc urring, 
all are at last conquered by the Ro- 
man general, Metullus, and Greece 
becomes a Roman province under the 
name of Achaia. IIG 

The Greeks in their conquests, Hel- 
enized Asia, but the vices and excess- 
es of the Asiatics destroyed that true 
patriotic spirit of the Greeks They 
became vain, self-ambitious, and neg- 
ligent of public interests. The natur- 
al result was, that Greece, once the 
glory of the world, once the only prac- 
tical example of a republic, sank into 
a nation of adventurers. 



THE FALL OF CARTHAGE. 

'•'Carthage, founded in the 9th cen- 
tury, B. C. gradually increased in 
wealth and power, until at this period 
she stands the most powerful mari- 
time city on the western Mediterran- 
ean. At the head of the Phoenician 
cities, she also has possessions in 
Spain, Sici y, Sardinia, and Corsica. 
The rival of Rome, jealousies natural- 
lly spring up between them; and the 
result is war. The first war, con- 
ducted by Asdrubal and Hamilcar 
Barca, the father of Hannibal, ends 
with the loss of the Sicilian provinces 
to Carthage. 241. Ripe for revenue, 
the Carthaginians enter into the sec- 
ond Punic war, with the greatest vig- 
gor, and Hannibal at the age of twen- 
ty-six, takes command of the army 
in Spain. He crosses the Alps into 
the plain of Italy, and defeats the 
Romans in four successive battles, the 
greatest being Canna?, 216. Africa is 
invaded by the Romans, and the Car- 
thagenians are compelled to recall 
Hannibal, who being defeated at 
Zama, 202, is cruelly banished, The 
Third Punic war commenced without 
cause on the part of Carthage, the 
Romans being determined on its de- 
struction. The siege under the young- 
er Scipio, lasts four years, when it is 
taken, and walls and buildings totally 
demolished, KG. The Carthaginian 
territory is now made into a Roman 
province, and governed by a procon- 
sul. 146 

*Carthage possessed a republican form 
of government, ruled by an aristocracy- 



lo EGYPT. 

From 146 B. C. to 27 B. C. 

THE LAST PTOLEMIES. 

The death of Philometer, 145, restores Physcon to the sole power of Egypt. 
His cruelties induce the Alexandrians to dese t their city, which Ptolemy VII. 
vainly en eavors to repeople. He dies at Alexandria, IIG; and is succeeded by 
Ptolemy VIII., surnamed Lathyrus. This prince is driven from the throne 
by his mother, Cleopatra, who places the crown on her son, Ptolemy Alexan- 
der, Lathyrus retires to the Isle of Cyprus, remaining until the death of Alex 
ander; when he is recalled and rules conjointly Avith his mother until his death; 
81. The crown is left to her daughter, Berenice, whom Ptolemy X.- marries, 
and then basely murders. He, himself, is put to death for his crime, afttr a 
reign of but nineteen days. Ptolemy XL. an illegitimate son of Lathyrus, for 
yielding Cypress to the Romans is banished from the throne; but through the 
influence of the Roman senate, is reinstated. The last years of his reign are 
attended with great cruelty to his people, murdering his own daughter Ber- 
enice. 

He is succeeded by Ptolemy XII., surnamed Dionysius, 51; who rules con- 
jointly with his sister, Cleopatra. In the thirteenth year of his age, Pompey. 
fleeing from Caesar to the shores of Egypt, claims his protection for having be- 
friended his father, Ptolemy XI. But Dionysius, treacherously has him 
beheaded, 48. Csesar, indignant, invades Egypt, and lays siege to Alexandria. 
Ptolemy is defeated, and in attempting to e cape, is drowned in the Nile, 46. 
In the siege, the great library of Alexandria takes fire, and four hundred 
thousand volumes are destroyed. Ccesar bestows the sovereignty of Egypt on 
Cleopatra and her brother. The latter she removes by poison, and hastening 
to Rome, to answer to the charge of aiding the murderer of Caesar, her I eauty 
so infatuates Mark Antony that he leaves all his possessions and follows her. 
In the battle of Actium, 31, she deserts ^''Antony in fright; and, at last to avoid 
captivity, poisons herself with an asp; ancient Egypt's last, and most beauti- 
ful queen, 30. The country now becomes a Roman province, having existed 
in a flourishing state under the Ptolemies for 293 years. 27 

'Antony, bearing of Cleopatra's death, asks his slave Eros to destrc-y him. but 
the latter, to avoid it, took his own life ; whereupon Antony gave himself a mortal 
wound. Then hearing that the queen lived he requested to be carried to her; and 
he died in her presence, 30 B. C. 



ROME. II 

From 146 B. C. to 27 B. C. 

ROMAN CIVIL WAES. 

Wealth and wickedness go hand in hand; and the spoils of war soon shake 
the old Roman virtue. Society is divided into two classes— the rich and poor, 
between whom an incessant strife is waged. The cause of the latter is taken 
up by Tiberius Gracchus, who revives the Licinian law; but he is soon after 
murdered with 300 of his followers, 133. Ten years later Caius Gracchus, at- 
tempts to carry out the schemes of his brother, and is likewise destroyed by the 
senators. Marius and Sulla finally become leadeis of the opposite parties, 
and figure prominently in the wars against Jugurtha, 109, the Cimbri, 108, and 
the Social war, 85. A war breaks out with Mithridates, king of Pontus, the 
command being given to Sulla. Marius flees, but returns during Sulla's ab- 
sence and massacres many of the senators. He dies soon after, 86. Sulla de- 
feats Mithridates, and returning to Rome, by his dte&dQd proscriptions murders 
hundreds of the popular party, 83. He then proclaims himself dictator; but 
in three years resigns, and dies honored with a magnificent funeral, 78. At 
this time four factions rise up in Rome. At the head of one, is Cneius Pompey, 
popular for quelling the revolt of the gladiators under Spartacus, 72; another 
headed by the wealthy Crassus; a third by Julius Caesar, and a fourth by 
Cataline. The rival of the latter is the eloquent Cicero, who, when elected 
consul, is conspired against by Cataline. Thj plot is discovered, and Cataline 
destroyed, 62. A union of the other factions is finally effected, known as the 
"First Triumvirate." Caesar obtains the government of Gaul, where he 
makes a series of campaigns, 58-50; and during his absence, Pompey obtains 
command of Spain. Crassus on his way east is murdered, and then jealousy, 
and, at last, open enmity, arises between Pompey and Cajsar. The latter de- 
clares war by loading hs army across the Rubicon, 49. Pompey retreats into 
Greece, whither Caesar follows him. A battle is fought at Pharsalia, 48, in 
which Pompey is totally defeated and flees to Egypt. Caesar defeats the re- 
niainder of the army in t!ie battle of Thapsus, 46; and returns to Rome hailed 
with the title of /'"/jera/or for life. He is at last conspired against by Marcus 
Brutus and Caius Cassius, and muriered, 44. Soon after a "Second Trium- 
virate" is formed by Mark Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. They defeat the 
conspirators, Brutus and Cassius in the battle of Phillippi, 42. Quarrels soon 
destroy the triumvirate, and Mark Antony in the battle of Actium, 31, is 
routed by Octavius, who thus becomes master of Rome. The republic now 
ends; Octavius, shortly after, being hailed as emperor, with the title of Augus- 
tus Caesar, 28. 27. 



12 ROME. 

From 27 B. C. to 8i A. D. 

THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 

The brilliant period following the downfall of the Roman republic is known 
in history, as the "Augustan age." The boundaries possess their greatest 
extent; Roman territory being in length 2,700 miles, and in breadth 1,000 
miles. Aug stus, as cnjperor, shows himself in every way worthy of the 
name. Possessing dominion over millions of people, he labors zealously in 
safely conducting their government. Legates are appointed, and a large army 
kept to quell revolts;, and under Marcus Agrippa, a successful war is prose- 
cuted against the Gerjuans. Augustus being, a patron of learning, his reign is 
honored with the great Latin writers, Virgil, Horace, Lion, Sallust, Lucretius, 
and Catullus. It is also memorable as the period af the birth of our Savior, 
at Bethlehem, in Judea. Augustus dies after ruling forty-four years, 14 A. D.; 
during which he reared up a splendid capital, "having found Rome in brick 
and left it in marble." His step-son, Tiberius Claudius Nero, succeeds him, 
and his reign, though at first moderate, is in th« end oppressive. He is finally 
assassinated by ope of the praetorian guards, 41. Caligula, and Claudius next 
reign successively, the latter bein^ succeeded by Nero, one of the most cruel 
monsters that, ever sat on a throne, 54. By him Rome is fired, the conflagra- 
tion lasting nine days. Roman knights are compelled to fight in public as 
gladiators. Nero at last destroys himsel. to escape the execuion of a death 
sentence passed on him, (58. Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian, reign suc- 
cessively. The latter sends his son, Titus, with an arniy against the Jews, in 
a state of rebellion. Titus besieges Jerusalem whose ruin — doomed by the 
Almighty, and predicted by the prophets— is accomplished,. 79. The death of 
Vespasian places Titus on the throne, and during the first year of his reign, 
that remarkti-ble eruption of Vesuvius occurs, overwhelming the cities of 
Pompeii and Heroulaneum, and destroying the life of Pliny, the writer of 
natural historyj 79. Titus by his wisdom and prudence, restores the old time 
happiness of the Romans, and dies after a short reiga beloved by all his peo- 
ple, 81. (Tacitus, the great Roman historian flourishes about t is period, also 
Plutarch.) > 



ROME. 

From 8i A. D. to 337 A. D. 



CONSTANTINE, THE GREAT. 

Roman history now presents a series of short, uneventful reigns, under the 
followins: emperors: 



A,D. 

Domitian 81-96 

Xerva 96-98 

Trajan 98-117 

Hadrian 117-138 

Antonius Fius 138-161 

f M. Aurelius 161-180 

<-L. Verus 161-169 

Commodus 180-192 

Pertinax 193-193 

Julianus 193-193 

Septimius Severus. 193-211 

J Caracalla 211-217 

<- Geta 211-212 

Macrinus 217-218 

Elagabalus 218-222 

Alexander Sever>is 222-235 

Maximinu:^ 235-238 

f Gordianus I. \ 
<- Gordianus II. ^ 



238-238 



fPupienus Maximus \ 238-238 

•-Balbinus -' 

Gordianus III 238-244 

Phillippus 244-249 

Decius 249-251 

Trebonianus Gall us 251-254 

^Emilianus 254-2-54 

f Valerian 2-54-260 

1 Gallienus 254-268 

Claudius 1 268-270 

Aurelian 270-275 

Tacitus 275-276 

Florianus 276-276 

Probus 276-282 

Carus 282-283 

fCarinus | 283-284 

•^Numerianus -' 

rDiocletain 284-305 

j Maximian , 286-305 

C Constantius I ■- 305-306 

Galerius 305-311 

Under Constantine, the Great, a change is eflfected by the removal of the 
capital from Rome to Byzantium, which is henceforth known as Constanti- 
nople, 325. The latter rapidly becomes populous, while Rome correspondingly 
declines. This reign is also a remarkable epoch in the history of Christianity. 
The rule of Galerius, Constantine's predecessor, having been attended with 
the most bitter persecutions of the Christian Sect, Constantine, while waring 
against his rival, Maxentius, is by a supernatural influence, converted to the 
Christian faith. He immediately grants entire religious freedom to the people 
of his worship, and establishes many churches. Thus for the first time, Rome 
feels the influence of a christian emperor. Constantine dies in the year 337. 



14 ROME. 

From 337 A. D. to 476 A. D. 

THE EASTERN AND WESTERN EMPIRES. 

Constantine's sons, rule the empire until 361, when they are succeeded by 
Julian, called the Apostate, for abjuring Christianity. He attempts to restore 
paganism, but his efforts only strengthen the Christians. The true religion 
brings about another result— intellectual advancement; as the great theolo- 
gians Ambrose, Gregory, Nazianzen, Chrysostom, Jerome, and Augustine, 
give evidence. After the death of Julian, 363, Jovian, Valentinian I., Gratian, 
Valentinian II., reign successively. The latter's successor, Theodosius is the 
last emperor who rules over the whole Roman Empire. On his death, 395, t'iG 
dominions are divided between his two sons, Arcadius who takes the eastern 
andHonorius, who takes the western empire. About this time the Goths, 
commanded by Alaric, invade the Roman provinces; ai.d the army of Hono- 
rius is compelled to retreat. All attempts to conclude peace fail, for Alaric 
being made king of the Visigoths, determines the conquest of Italy. Rome 
is taken and plundered; but Alaric dies soon after, 410, and peace is concluded 
with his successor Ataulphus. Arcadius of the east, is succeeded by his son, 
TheodosiusII., 423, and Honorius, by Valentinian III., 425. The provinces are 
next invaded by the barbarous Huns, under Attilla, 434. The eastern emperor 
makes peace with him by paying an annual tribute, but Attilla determines on 
the destruction of the west. The opposing armies meet on the plains of Cham- 
pagne where Atilla is defeated; but again reassembling his forces, the Romans 
are, in turn, defeated. Compelled to flee many of them retire to the islands 
of the Adriatic, where they found the now modern city of Venice, 453. Valen- 
tinian III., imprisoned in Rome finally secures peace by paying Attila an im- 
mense tribute. The latter shortly afterward dies, having received the epithet, 
"Scourge of God," 453. The western empire draws rapidly near its end. 
Valentinian is succeeded by Maximus, whose respective successors are Marcus 
Avitius, Julius Majorianus, Livius Severus, Flavins Olytrius, Glycerius, 
Nepos, and Augustulus. Their reigns are short, and deaths violent. Augus- 
tulus is at last compelled to give up his throne to the invnder Odvacer, who 
styles himself king of Italy; and thus completes the downfall of the western 
empire, 476. 476. 



THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 15 

From 476 A. D. to 550 A, D. 

"With the fall of the western empire, ancient Roman history ends, and the 
provinces are henceforth known as the Eastern or Byzantine Empire. Mar- 
cian, Leo I., Ardaburius, Loo II., and Zeno, are the respective successors of 
Theodosius. Italy now suffers an invasion of the Ostrogoths, 491, under their 
king Theodoric "With a large army he defeats Odvacer in three successive 
battles; and then besieges him in Ravenna, which after a two years siege is 
surrendered and Odvacer put to death, 495, Theodoric establishes peace in 
his kingdom, allying himself with the barbarous nations around him. He 
dies at Ravenna, 526. In the east Justinian, Zeno's successor, with his army 
under Belisarus, wages a successful war against Cabades, king of Persia. 
Next turning upon Theodatus, king of the Goths; Belisarus defeats him and 
enters Rome in triumph, 530. Little of interest occurs in the life of these bar- 
barous nations of Italy; continual wars, attended with alternate successes, 
mark their condition for many years. 550. 

There is a striking similarity in the causes which produced the downfall of 
the ancient nations, Greece and Rome; as a thorough study of their histories 
will plainly show. The Romans like the Greeks once despised wealth; once 
looked upon it, rather, as incompatible with national virtue. This is evi- 
dent from the repeal of the Oppian law at the close of the Punic Avars. By 
this law all those luxuries, characteristic of the Orientals, were strictly for- 
bidden. But as the vices of the voluptuous Asiatic gave Hellas a death blow, 
so did the spoils of foreign conquest forever crush Roman virtue. 

Again, the prime cause of destruction is the same in each of these nations. 
It was utterly impossible for Greece, with the form of government she pos- 
sessed at the time of her conquests, to bind in harmony the many provinces 
under her dominion; no more could Rome instill pure patriotism in her terri- 
torj' of one hundred millions population. And, with no unity, no centraliza- 
tion of power, discord must ensuo; discord and war did ensue, and their 
destruction was inevitable. 

Oh R'>me ! thy ambition ruined all. 
Jlodet'n nations learn a lesson from thy fall. 



i6 THE FRANKS. 



THE BRITONS. 



From 550 A. D. to 750 A. D. 



CHARLES M ARTEL. 

After the fall of Rome the Teutonic 
tribes Visigoths, Burgundians, and 
Franks, establish themselves in Gau . 
Of these, the Franks obtain the as- 
cendency. Pharamand is supposed 
to be the founder of the Frank mon- 
archy, and h : is succeeded by Mero- 
vins, the first of the Merovingian 
kings. Clovis is the first christian 
king of the Franks, having been c:ni- 
vertedto that faith by his wife, Clo- 
tilda. He fixes his capital at Lutetia 
or Paris, and this event marks the 
foundation of France. On the death 
of Clovis, his dominions are divided 
among his four sons; but these, by 
their constant wars with each other, 
arrest all steps toward improvement, 
and the government, at last passes 
into the hands of an officer, styled the 
Mayor of the Palace. Of these, the 
mostrenowned is Charles Martel, for 
under his rule the country is invaded 
by the Saracens, whose successes for 
a time, threaten all Europe. Charles 
rescues Christendom by defeating the 
Saracen commander between Tours 
and Poitiers, the battle lasting seven 
days, 732. The death of Charles, 
whose reign was one of wisdom and 
moderation, is lamented by all his 
people, 7-11. H s son, Pepin, sur- 
named the short, succeeds him as 
Mayor of the Palace, but the latter 
seizes the purple and is crowned king 
of the Franks by the Roman pontifT, 
742. "With him commences the sec- 
ond or Carlovingian race of kings, 
named in honor of Charles Martel. 
Pepin conducts several wars with ad- 
vantage lor the Franks, and the mon- 
archy under his reign makes consid- 
erable progress; but he is soon to be 
succeeded by one of the greatest char- 
acters of mediaeval history. 750. 



THE SAXON HEPTARCHY. 

Britain, or as the Romans called it. 
Britannia,* having remained under 
the rule of those people since the 
time of Caesar obtains freedom from 
the Roman yoke by the f;vll of the 
western empire. Like all lawless 
and barbarous tribes, their history is 
but a series of wars. In one of these 
the southern Britons, being defeated 
by the Picts and Caledonians, court 
the aid of the Saxons and Angles. 
These under Hengist and Horsa, de- 
feat the Picts and Caledonians, and 
finally make themselves master of tho 
kingdom, which they name Anglia, 
or England; and thus lay the founda- 
tion of the modern Anglo-Saxon race. 
During the fifth and sixth centuries, 
the country is divided into seven dis- 
tinct kingdoms, known as the Saxon 
Heptarchy. The kingdoms are Kent, 
Xorthumbria, East Anglia, Mercia, 
Essex, Sussex, and Wessex. The 
kingdom of Kent, founded by Escus, 
lasts during the reigns of seventeen 
successive princes, when it is con- 
quered by the West Saxons. Xorth- 
umbria has twenty-three princes; 
East Anglia fifteen; Mercia twenty- 
one; Essex fourteen; Sussex five* 
when it is conquered by the West 
Saxons. Wessex, the seventh king- 
dom, is ruled by seventeen success- 
ive princes. 

Intestine disorders, caused by the 
self-ambitious rulers, and repeated 
invasions and ravages of the Danes, 
keep these kingdoms in constant 
confusion, and the r conquest is soon 
contemplated. The beginning of the 
9th century marks the birth of Eng- 
land. 750. 

*So called because the inhabitants 
adorned their bodies with bbit or paint. 



THE EASTERN EMPIRE 



From 550 A. D. to 750 A. D. 



THE SARACENS. 17 



JUSTINIAN. 

The reign of Justinian is famous for 
church improvements in the way of 
buildings, among these is the great 
church of St. Sophia. It is also noted 
for the formation of that complete 
system of Ptoman law called the Civil 
Law, which is the groundwork of 
modern jurisprudence. Justinian 
dies in 565; and shortly afterward, 
Italy, a dependency of the eastern 
empire, is overwhelmed by an inva- 
sion of the Lombards, who make 
Paira their capital , 568. The Italians 
are treated with the greatest cruelty, 
many of them being driven from the 
country. 

A great many emperors rule Byzan- 
tium after Justinian, but they pres- 
ent only a monotonous history of 
crownings, banishments, and resto- 
rations; sedition, war, and bloodshed. 
In the reign of Leo III., the Isurian, 
the great iconoclastic controversy 
commences, 726; and this alternate 
prohibition, and restoration of im- 
ages, increases the internal disorders 
of the empire. About this time can 
be noticed the rise of the papal au- 
thority; that power which in after 
years controlled the spiritual, as well 
as the temporal interests of Europe. 
After the downfall of Rome, the or- 
ganization of society, is kept by the 
influence of the church, an i the 
Bishop nnturally wields this influ- 
ence. The legate of the eastern em- 
peror, residing at Ravenna, this 
serves to increase the power of the 
Bishop, and he finally assumes the 
title of Pope, from Papa, father. 

Mo'l"rn liistory commcrx^os witli 
th • fallofRome, forthis ends the his- 
tory of t 1-3 rn-ients, but from tl i 
clo-e of the 5th to the close of the 15th 
century is called Mediasval history; 
and from the close of the 5th to the 
11th century is known as the Dark 
Ages. 



MAHOMET. 

The rise of Mahomet is an import- 
ant epoch in European history. The 
birth of this false prophet occurs at 
Mecca, 571. At an early age, ambi- 
tious of prominence and power, he 
determines to make religion his 
means of attaining it. Retiring to 
seclusion, he frames the book, called 
the Koran, and then boldly proclaims 
himself the Apostle of God. The peo- 
ple reject his doctrines, and he is 
compelled to flee from Mecca, 622. 
At Medina he obtains many follow- 
ers, and then resolves to propagate his 
religion with the sword. jS^umberless 
tribes are conquered, their princes 
embracing Mohammedanism. Arabia 
is speedily subdued, and the prophet 
determines on foreign conquest; but 
his planning is ended by death, 632. 
His designs, however, are executed 
by his successors, called Calyphs. 
The sword and the Koran spread the 
new religion over Asia and northern 
Africa. Alexandria is taken by Omar 
and its library destroyed, 640. Under 
Otmen, the successor of Omar, great 
conquests are made; and one of his 
generals, taking the isle of Rhodes, 
destroys the celebrated Colossus, 672. 
Cyrcne, Tripoli, and Carthage being 
reduced, the Arabs cross into Spain, 
landing on Gibralter Rock, so called 
from their leader, Tarik-ben-zaid, 
710. 

Subduing thai corntry, they next 
invade Gaul, but : re here checked by 
the kingof the Franks, Charles Mar- 
t.l. After this defeat they estabii.-h 
themselves permanently in Spain, 
founding the great moskm power in 
the country. 

Thus did Mohammedanism, with 
astonishing ra pidity , sweep over Asia, 
northern Africa and part of Europe, 
and, though their invasions were at- 
tended with d struct! on, in the end, 
the results were beneficial, 750. 



i8 THE FRANKS. 



ENGLAND. 



From 750 A. D. to 950 A. D. 



K 



CHARLEMAGNE, 
irl, commonly known as Charle- 



magne, succeeds his father Pepin, and 
is ambitious of re-establishing the Ro- 
man Empire. With this idea, numer- 
ous wars are undertaken; the German 
tribes subdued, the Saracens defeated 
in Spain, and their provinces placed 
under subjection. At the entreaty of 
the Pope, whose territories are assailed 
by the Lombards, Charlemagne enters 
Italy, defeats them, and himself as- 
sumes the "Iron Crown of the Lom- 
bards," 773. His military successes 
still continue, and on Christmas day 
800, he is crowned by Pope Leo III, 
"Emperor of the West." The re- 
mainder of his life is spent in advanc- 
ing his people, being a great i)atron 
of learning. He dies 814, and is suc- 
ceeded by his son, Louis, who divides 
the Frankish possessions among his 
three sons, Lotharius, Pepin, and 
Louis. Another son, by second mar- 
riage, named Charles the Bald, claims 
a share in the partition, and great 
strife ensues. This, after several 
years continuance, is ended by treaty, 
and the crown placed on Charles, 
Lotharius being given the province of 
Lorraine, which he rules until his 
death, 878. In this situation of af- 
fairs, France is invaded by the Nor- 
mans, who create much alarm by their 
ravages. A truce is concluded and in 
S '3, the crown is placed on Charles 
III, the Simple. The great empire in 
these years rapidly declines, division 
after division being made until noth- 
ing is left. The history of the Franks 
here ends, and that of modern France 
commences. 950 



ALFRED THE GREAT. 

Under King Egbert, of the West 
Saxons, all these petty kingdoms are 
united, and modern England dates 
from this period, 827. Egbert's do- 
minions suffer terribly from the rav- 
ages of the Danes, 838. His sons, 
Ethelwolf, Ethelbald, Ethelbert and 
Ethelred reign successively, the latter 
being killed in battle against the Dan3S 
872. Ethelred is succeeded by Alfred 
the Great, who assumes a throne sur- 
rounded with difficulties. Anew tor- 
rent of Danes pouring in, Alfred is 
obliged to desert his throne, and 
secretes himself in the country in the 
garb of a peasant. Finally gathering 
an army, Alfred marches against the 
Dines, and completely defeats them. 
This restores peace, and the king, se- 
cure, diligently applies himself in 
establishing prosperity. A lover of 
learning, he founds the great Oxford 
University, 890. He also organizes 
England's first navy. His death oc- 
curs, 900, reigning gloriously for 
nearly twenty years. His son, Ed- 
ward, after a reign of twenty-three 
years, is succeeded by Athelstan, 923. 
The latter causes the bible to be tran- 
slated into the Saxon language, and 
circulated among his people He en- 
courages commerce, by giving every 
merchant making three voyages the 
rank of a thane. In 940, Edmund I, 
the fifth son of E Iward, becomes king. 
At this time the priesthood com- 
mences to wield considerable influ- 
ence over the monarchs. Under 
Edred, Edmund's successor in 947, 
Dunstan, thi fanatical abbot of Glas- 
tonbury, obtains such control that he 
is virtually king. 950 

Silk-worms were brought to Europe 
in the sixth century. 



CENTRAL EOROPE. 



SARACEN EMPIRE, ^9 



From 750 A. D. to 950 



A. D. 



THE BIRTH OF GERMANY. 

Throughout the 8th and 9th centur- 
ies, the same monotonous history at- 
tends the Eastern Empire — short, 
turbulent reigns, dethronements, in- 
surrections, and wars. The rulers 
are Leo IV, Constantine VI, and his 
mother, Irene, Nicephorus I, Michael 
I, Leo V, Michael II, Besilius I, Leo 
VI, stj'led the Philosopher, Alexan- 
der II, Constantine VII, Zoe, mother 
of the latter, and Roman us Leca- 
penus. 

On the death of Charlemagne, Ger- 
many is separated from the monarchy 
of the Franks, and governed by Louis 
IV, the last descendent of the great 
king. After his death, in 911, the 
dukes choose Conrad, Duke of Eran- 
conia, to be king. The latter dies 918, 
and the Saxons and Franconians 
place He ry I, the Fowler, on the 
throne 919. Henry raises his king- 
dom to prominence, by reducing 
Arnold, Duke of Bavaria, and con- 
quering the Hungarians, Bohemians, 
Sclavonians, and Danes. He also 
takes Lorrain from Charles the Sim- 
ple, and dies after a reign of seven- 
teen years, 936. Henry is succeeded 
by his son, Otho, the Great. Germany 
under these rulers, loses something 
of that wildness, and barbarism, ex- 
isting among her inhabita nts for hun- 
dreds of years, and agriculture, and 
horticulture receive great encourage- 
ment. Streaks of modern civiliza- 
rion are noticed in the introduction 
of carpets; paper making from cotton; 
clocks brought into Europe ; glass 
manufactured; pens made from quills; 
and wine-presses introduced. 950. 



INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT. 

In 755, the great Saracenic empire 
is divided, one caliph ruling in Spain, 
and another in Bagdad. In Spain 
the ruler Abdalrahman makes his 
capital at Cordova, where he builds 
many magnificent structures; among 
them the mosque of Cordova, 800. In 
his wars with the Franks, the caliph 
loses the provinces of Aragon and 
Xavarre. The most renowned of the 
eastern caliphs is Haroun Al Raschid, 
the successor of his brother Hadi in 
786. His reign is characterized for 
wisdom and justice, and an earnest ef- 
fort to disseminate learning through- 
out his realms. He wars against the 
Greek emperor, Nicephorus, for re- 
fusing to pay him tribute; and makes 
eight invasions of the empire. To the 
great Charlemagne of the west, he 
sends an embassy bearing rich pres- 
ents, and the keys of the holy sepul- 
chre at Jerusalem. He dies at Tons, 
in the twenty-third year of his reign, 
809, The decline of the mighty Sara- 
cenic empire is almost as rapid as its 
rise. Independence is soon mani- 
fested by the distant provinces. 
Egypt throws off the yoke, followed 
by Muritania, which is changed into 
the modern empire of Morocco, 875. 
The Saracens are renowned for their 
preservation of science during the 
Dark Ages; and in the 10th century 
Spain is the "center of learning." 
The moderns are indebted to them 
fortheterms "Algebra," "Alcohol," 
"Alchemy," "Zenith," "Nadir," 
etc. Museums, libraries, and obser- 
vatories, are instituted; and the 
Greek works of science translated 
into Arabic. In short the Saracens 
are the bridge, connecting the science 
of the ancient and modern world. 

950. 



20 



FRANCE. 



ENGLAND. 



From 950 A. D to 1100 A. D. 



THE CRUSADES. 

With Louis v., the sluggard, the 
Carlovingian line of kings ends; and 
the count of Paris, Hugh Capet, is 
made king by his peers, 987. This 
event commences the real history of 
France, under the third, or Carpetian 
race of kings. Robert, the successor 
of Capet, 9'J6, and a prince of great 
piety, lays the foundation of the 
noted cathedral of Notre Dame; but, 
for marrying his cousin, Bertha, he is 
excommunicated by Pope Gregory 
v., and abandoned by all his cour- 
tiers. From this time he leads a 
wretched life, which is finally ended 
by death, 1031. His son Henry I. 
next rules the kingdom, which Rob- 
ert's misfortunes placed in a very 
disordered condition. He reigns 
thirty years, and is succeeded by his 
son, Philip I., 1081. Philip wars 
against William, the Conqueror, the 
strife being continued until the death 
of the latter. In his reign the Cru- 
sades commence, and France plays 
an important part. Peter the Her- 
mit a French enthusiast, having 
made a journey to Palestine, returns 
to take measures for rescuing the 
Holy city from the infidels. His 
preachings rouse all Europe into 
action. Expeditions are at once 
planned. In France, nobles, barons, 
vassals, and slaves, throng together 
in great multitudes. Godfrey of 
Bouillon, a descendant of Charle- 
magne, is chosen to command an 
army of seventy thousand foot, and ten 
thousand horse. This immense host 
ititer ;i long, toilsome march, reaches 
Jerusalem, which is taken after 
a siege of five weeks, 1099, and seven- 
ty thousand Moslems are massacred. 
Godfrey is chosen king of Jerusalem, 
but dies one year after, 1100. 1100. 



WILLIAM THE CONQUEKOR. 

Edroy, Edgar, Edward the Marty, 
and Ethelred I., reign in succession 
until 1013, when the latter is dethron- 
ed by the Danes under Sweyne. He 
is succeeded by his son Canute, the 
Great, .and the war between the 
Danes and the Saxons continues. 
At the close of the reign of Edward, 
the Confessor, he names William, 
Duke of Normandy, as his successor. 
But Harold II., son of Edward, im- 
mediately seizes the throne, and 
unites the nobility in his interests to 
maintain it. William raises an 
army and invades England, and the 
two opposing forces meet at Hastings, 
where a decisive battle is fought, and 
Harold defeated and slain, 1066. 
William in the same year is crowned 
king of England, at Westminster, 
and a great political change is made. 
Severe forest laws prohibiting the de- 
struction of game are enacted; a sur- 
vey of the lands made for taxing the 
people; and Norman French made 
the language of the kingdom. His 
bad policy embroils the kingdom in 
constant sedition, and in 1072, a rebel- 
lion is raised in the north, headed by 
Malcolm Conmore, king of Scotland. 
It is with difficulty quelled. In 1086, 
William invades France, beginning 
the wars that have been waged be- 
tween the kingdoms throughout all 
modern history. He dies in 1087. He 
introduced Feudalism in England, 
giving estates, and receiving in re- 
turn, military service. William's 
sons succeed him, Robert ruling Nor- 
mandy, and William II., England, 
Willi.am proves a cruel and tyranni- 
cal prince; and his oppressive reign 
is ended by his death while hunting. 



1100. 



1100. 



C ;■ NTli AL EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 2 1 

From 950 A. D. to iioo A. D. 



PAPAL POWER. 

Otho, the Great, by marrying Ade- 
laide, widow of the Italian king, 
Lothaire, unites upper Italy with 
Germany; and thus revives the 
Western Empire. By Pope John XII., 
in 962, he is crowned as King of Ger- 
many, King of Italy, and Emperor of 
the West. After the descendants of 
Otho, the Franconian line of emper- 
ors commences with Conrad II., in 
whose reign Burgundy is added to 
the empire, 1025. During the reign 
of his son, Henry III, the great con- 
flict between the popes and emperors 
commences, 1040, the crisis being 
reached under Henry IV. The latter 
for setting aside the decrees of the 
papal authority, is solemnly excom- 
municated, and his subjects absolved 
from their allegiance. Henry de- 
clares war, but from the disastrous 
effects of his sentence, he is compell- 
ed to humiliate himself by imploring 
the pope's pardon, 1077. However, 
enraged at his treatment from Greg- 
ory, Henry renews the war, forces 
the pontiff to flee, and the latter dies 
soon after, at S.ilerno, 1084. In the 
Eastern Empire, besides domestic 
sedition, the people suffer greatly 
from inroads made by the Turks and 
Arabians on the east, and the Bul- 
garians on the west. On the com- 
mencement of the *'Holy wars" Con- 
stantinople is appointed as the ren- 
dezvous of the Crusaders; and the 
pouring in of immense throngs is at- 
tended with gre.it confusion. The 
city is, nt one tin*-, threatened with 
destruction, which the emperor 
Alexius averts, by transporting the 
armies into A-^in, 1096. Theso Cru- 
sades oocnsion thit great commercial 
Hfitivity for which the Italian cities of 
Venice, Pisa, and Genoa are re- 
nowned. 1100 



THE CRUSADERS. 

The march of the army of Crusaders 
under Peter the Hermit, is one con- 
tinual scene of carnage; and their" 
cruelties in the different countries 
make numerous enemies. Solyman, 
the Sultan of Nice, proves a very de- 
termined enemy, and through his 
efforts hundreds of thousands of the 
Christians perish. 1100 

FEUDALISM. 

We here speak of Feudalism, the 
chief characteristic of society in the 
Middle Ages. It is defined to be the 
tenure of land, for which service was 
to be given by a vassal, to the lord 
and owner, when demanded. When 
the barbarians of Europe crushed the 
civilization of the ancient world, the 
lands by right of war, fell to the chiefs 
or leaders of these tribes; the more ter- 
ritory to the more successful warrior. 
The victorious chiefs, as a natural 
consequence had the largest number 
of followers; and among these the 
land was divided, the chief being 
considered as the owner. From this 
grew the Feudal System. Farmers 
were vassals to the lords; the lords, 
to the nobles; the nobles to the king; 
and the kings often to another king. 
This system was the direct opposer of 
centralization. A king possessed no 
real power, and during Feudalism all 
Europe was isolated. Its downfall is 
attributed to three causes— Royalty, 
Municipalities, and the Clergy. The 
Feudal System, however, in this 
period, individually, introduced re- 
finement, as the "Age of Chivalry" 
following gives evidence. 



22 



FRANCE. 



ENGLAND. 



From I loo A. D. to 1200 A. D, 



THE CRUSADES. 

The authority of the crown over the 
grreat feudatories of France is consid- 
erably increased by Louis VI., and 
his successor, Louis VII.; and as a 
result, the power of France as a na- 
tion is enhanced. Their military op- 
erations, though, are unfavorable. 
In a second crusade against the In- 
fidels, a large army of French, Ital- 
ians and Germans, under Hugh, 
brother to Philip I., is beaten and al- 
most annihilated by the Turks, 1147. 
The seige of Damascus proves a fail- 
ure, and the Second Crusade ends 
with the return of the army to their 
own country. The last years of Louis 
VII. are very unhappy, on account 
of domestic trouble. He divorces his 
wife, Eleanor, and loses her patrimo- 
nial inheritance,— the province of 
Poitou. After a reign of forty-three 
years, he leaves the crown to his son, 
Philip Augustus, 1180. The crown of 
England being possessed by Richard, 
the latter, Philip, and the Emperor of 
Germany, organize a Third Crusade, 
1187. Many successes are obtained 
by the Crusaders, the crowning of 
which is the capture of Acre after a 
seige of twenty-three months, 1191. 
Philip now, to the disgust of the ar- 
mies, withdraws from the crusade, 
and returns with his troops to France. 
During Richard's absence, Philip 
wrests Normandy, Anjou, and other 
provinces from John, but Richard, on 
his return, declares war, and gains a 
complete victory at Gisors, 1198. 
Philip then sues for peace. 1200 



THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGEN. T. 
Robert, the rightful heir to the 
English throne, being absent in Pal- 
estine, Henry, the younger brother of 
William II., seizes the crown, and on 
Robert's return, war ensues. But 
the latter is vanquished, made pris- 
oner, and Henry I. established. 
During this reign Templars are or- 
ganized, rents made payable in mon- 
ey, and a standard fixed for weights 
and measures; the English yard be- 
ing measured from the king's arm. 
A great domestic alBiction casts a 
shadow of gloom over Henry's reign, 
— the death of bis son, William, 
drowned while on a visit to Norman- 
dy, 1120. After the king's death, 1135, 
the crown is disputed by his daugh- 
ter, Matilda, and his nephew, the 
earl of Blois. Stephen, however, 
dies, 1154, and Matilda's son assumes 
the throne as Henry II., the Plantag- 
enet line of kings commencing with 
him. Henry weakens the feudal 
power in the kingdom by granting 
charters to many of the towns. He 
also attempts to limit the power of 
papacy in temporal affairs, meeting 
the determined opposition of Thomas 
A. Becket, the archbishop. At last 
Becket, through a hat-ty exclamation 
of the king, is murdered, 1170 an act 
for which the alarmed Henry pays an 
humble penance. In this reign the 
quarrelsome princes of Ireland are 
brought under subjection. Richard 
I., surnamed C enr de Lion, succeeds 
his father, and his attention is mon- 
opolized in tlie movements against 
the Infidels. On his return from an 
expedition against Palestine, Rich- 
ard is taken prisoner in Germany, 
but released on the payment of a 
heavy ransom. He is killed by an 
arrow from one of his vassals, 1199, 
and leaving no issue, the crown is 
placed upon his brother John, whose 
reign marks a memorable period in 
the history of English liberty. ^ 1200 



CENTRAL EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 23 

From iioj A. D, to 1200 A. D. 



FREDERICK BARBARO^SA. 

The hot controversy between Henry 
IV., of (iermany and the pope, is con- 
tinued with about the same spirit 
during the reign of Henry V. With 
his death, 1125, the Franeonian line 
of einporors ends, and Lothaire of 
Saxony, rules twelve years. After 
him the Suabian emperors commence, 
with Conrad III., 1138. This king 
engages in the second crusade along 
with the French monarch, but his 
army is destroyed by the Turks, and 
the last years of his reign are spent in 
his own dominions. In 1152 his son, 
Frederick Barl)arossa is elected king, 
and three years after crowned em- 
peror. In his reign is formed the 
famous league of the Hanseatic towns 
for the pVotection of commerce. 
Frederick joins in the third crusade, 
defeating the enemy in several en- 
gagements, but in the midst of his 
succeSoCS he suffers death from drown- 
ing, while bathing in the river Cyd- 
nus, Asia, 1193. With the freedom 
and growth of towns, industries 
spring up, and trade and commerce 
are extended. Woolen manufactur- 
ing, known as the "Flemish Stuffs," 
is carried on successfully by the cit- 
ies of Ghent and Bruges. Industry 
in Italy receives an impetus by the 
introduction of silk manufacturing by 
Roger Guiscard, about the middle of 
the twelfth century. Frederick is 
succeeded by his son, Henry VI., sur- 
named the Sharp. He reigns eight 
years, when the crown is bestowed on 
his brother, Philip, 1198. The East- 
ern Empire maintains the same con- 
dition of affairs throughout he 
twelfth century, and no events tran- 
spire worthy to be chronicled. The 
dawn of m dern civilization can be 
distinctly noticed in Central Europe 
at this period. 12U0 



SALADIN. 
Popish persecutions commence 
against the Albigenses, a christian 
sect of the city of Albi, by Pope Inno- 
cent, 1180.— Saladin, governor of 
E^ypt, signalizes himself in the 
"Holy Wars" for his resistance to 
the Christians, being the opponent of 
the great Coeur de Lion. In his suc- 
cesses, he is noted for his humane- 
ness and kind treatment of his ene- 
mies. He dies. 1195, and bequeaths 
his wealth alike on Christians, Ma- 
hometans and Jews. 

THE RISE OF CHIVALRY. 
Society during the " Dark Ages," 
was in the most degraded condition, 
and its refinement and brilliancy to- 
wards the close of the middle ages is 
due to the influence of chivalry This 
had its origin in feudalism. Vassals 
of great barons, were in the family 
school educated in military exercises, 
and feudal etiquette. A boy between 
the ages of seven and fourteen re- 
ceived the name of Page or Varlet, and 
his duty was to attend his lady, who 
taught him lessons of obedien- e, gal- 
lantry and bravery. At fourteen the 
page became a squire and followed 
his lord to the battle-field and tour- 
nament. At twenty one his one 
grand object was attained— to be a 
knight, and he was leceived into the 
order after a long and imposing cere- 
mony. Chivalry existed and kept 
pace with feudalism, and the decline 
of the latter was attended with the de- 
cay of the former. Many condemn its 
influence, but our best writers speak 
of its benefits— that from the knight 
of the middle ages was molded the 
modern gentleman. 



FRANCE. ENGLAND & SCOTLAND. 

From 1 200 A. D. to 1300 A. D. 



THE CRUSADES. 
Louis VIII., ascends the throne in 
1223, and during his short reign of 
but three years, the province of Poi- 
tou is re-annexed to the kingdom. 
Louis is removed by poison; and his 
son, styled St. Louis, succeeds. Dur- 
ing his minority the regency is be- 
stowed on Blanche of Castile. When 
Louis IX. assumes the government, 
he is induced through the solicita- 
tions of the pope to organize another 
crusade. Several years are spent in 
preparation; the king of Cyprus join- 
ing with an army. But the result is 
complete failure. The forces are 
defeated, Louis IX. taken prisoner, 
and a heavy ransom exacted for his 
release, 1249. Twenty-one years lat- 
er, and St. Louis undertakes an- 
other—the last crusade; the result 
being similar. A dreadful pestilence 
breaks out, and Louis is one of its 
victims, 1270. His son, Philip, the 
Hardy, conducts the army safely 
back to France, where he is crowned 
king. In the reign of his successor, 
Philip, the Fair, commencing, 1285, 
supreme tribunals called parliaments 
are instituted. But oppressive meas- 
ures raise many insurrections, de- 
stroying prosperity. Trade is ruined 
by an abased coinage, and the Jnqui- 
sUiou is established at Toulouse to 
destroy herotii-s. The 13th century 
marks the birt.i of t'.io occupation of 
banking, this being engaged in by the 
merchants of Lombardy and South 
France In this century too, Sshol.'.s- 
tl'.3 Philosophy attains its greatest 
l)erlection in the persons ox Aqalnas, 
Da:is Sjotus, Roscelin, Anselm, and 
Peter Lombard. Among the mediae- 
val schools are those of Toulouse, and 
Montpelier. 1300 



MAGNA CHARTA. 

Arthur, a claimant for the crown, 
is basely murdered by order of John, 
whose tyrannies soon render him 
odious. He quarrels with the pope, 
to whom he is obliged to make sub- 
mission; and, at length, the discon- 
tented barons uniting in a confeder- 
acy, compel him to sign a charter of 
liberties, known as the Magna Charta 
— the bulwark of English liberty, 

1215. John, soon after, attempts to 
regain absolute authority, but the 
barons assisted by the French mon- 
arch, arm against him, and his ty- 
rannical reign is ended by death, 

1216. Henry III. is immediately 
crowned, the earl of Pembroke being 
appointed his guardian. Peace and 
order are restored, and an important 
event in the civil history af England, 
occurs— the rise of the House of Com- 
mons, an assemblage of the barons of 
the realm. In this reign gold is 
coined, and the use of coal for fuel 
commenced. The later years of 
Henry's life are disturbed by an in- 
surrection headed by the earl of 
Leicester, and in the battle of Lewes, 
1266, he is taken prisoner. His son, 
Edward, reseats him on the throne 
which is secure until his death, 1272. 
Edward II. annexes Wales to Eng- 
l.ind, the king's son thenceforth tak- 
ing the title, Prince of Wales, 1283. 
Roger Bacon, the English scientist, 
nourishes in Edward's reign. Scot- 
1 uid is, at this time, the scene of a 
fierce quarrel between Robert Bruce 
and John Baliol, cluimants for the 
crown. Civil war is, however, avert- 
ed by their choo.'-ing Edward as um- 
l>ire. His decision in favor of Baliol 
renders the Scots indignant and a 
rebellion headed bySir Willinm AVal- 

1 t'-o is raised. The S'^ots though at 
first successful, are completely over- 
thrown in the battle of Falkirk, r20S. 
1:300 



CENTRAL EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 

From 1 200 A. D. to 1300 A. D. 



25 



HOUSE OF HAPSEURG. 
Balwin, Eirl of Flanders, taking 
nd vantage of the unsettled Eastern 
Empire, invades it, and lays siege to 
Constantinople. The city is taken, 
and the emperor put to death, 1203. 
With the pope's sanction, Balwin is 
made emperor, the first of the Latin 
rulers. Philip of Germany, is suc- 
ceeded by Otho IV., who after a reign 
of four years is deposed and Fred- 
erick II. made emperor, 1212. At 
this time papacy under Innocent III., 
has its greatest power; the pope claim- 
ing to be "earthly king of kings " 
A quarrel ensues between the pontiff 
and Fi-ederick II., embroiling the 
whole empire. Part acknowledge 
the supremacy of the pope and part 
that of the emperor; and, attempts 
are finally made on the life of Fred- 
erick, but he firmly maintains his 
throne. During his reign much is 
done for the encouragement of litera- 
ture. On his death, through the de- 
vices of the pope, William, Earl of 
Holland, is made emperor; but he 
dies after a short reign of five years, 
1235. Thence for a number of years 
th'j empire is without a sovereign, 
and plunged in sedition. The elec- 
tors finally allow Louis of Bavaria to 
select an emperor, and he names 
Rudolph, Count of Ilapsburg. His is 
a prosperous reign of eighteen years, 
dyr.ig, 1292. A fjw years prior to this, 
the leaders of the conquered Greeks 
raising an army, under John Paleolo- 
gus, retnke their capital and the Luiiu 
J'Jiiiplrd ends. Under the successors, 
though, of John the empire gradually 
relapses into its former weak and de- 
mented condition. — Albert succeeds 
Rudolph, on the German throne, 1298. 
In the literature of this period, 
D.mte, the Homer of Italy, stands as 
a monument of his age. 1300 



GENGHIS KHAN. 

A great strife is carried on in Asia 
in the 13th century. Genghis Khan, 
the famous Mongol chief, with a large 
army overruns and conquers all in- 
land Asia; Tartary and China being 
completely subdued. His conquests 
are attended with the greatest blood- 
shed, two million souls falling vic- 
tims of the sword. He dies in 1227, 
leaving to his posterity an empire of 
about twelve hundred leagues in 
length. His son, Oktai, continues 
the Mongol successes, the armies 
marching westward to Hungary and 
Silesia, and after the great battle of 
Wahlstat, 1241, the Mongol Empire 
extends from China to the fron- 
tiers of Poland and Germany.— A 
horrible massacre on the island of 
Sicily, blackens the history of the 
13th century. Charles, of Anjou, a 
French prince, obtains through 
the influence of the pope, the govern- 
ment of Sicily. His tyrannical usage 
soon rouses the most bitter hatred on 
the part of the Sicilians; and a plot is 
formed to exterminate all the French 
on the island. The plan is executed 
on Easter Sunday, at the ringing of 
the bell for vespers; neither age nor 
sex being spared, 1282. About this 
time, Marco Polo, a Venetian mer- 
chant, journies into Eastern Asia; 
residing at the court of Kublai Khan, 
a descendant oi" Genghis Khan. En- 
joying the favor of the monarch he 
travels through the provinces, and on 
his return to Europe, 1292, publishes 
an account of Asia, until this time 
an unknown land to the Europeans. 
His knowledge is of no little conse- 
quence in later searches for the India 
route. 1300 



26 FRANCE. ENGLAND & SCOTLAND. 

From 1300 A.D. to 1400 A. D. 



THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR. 

After Philip IV., Louis X., John 
I, and Philip v., reign successively 
short reigns; thelatter's, of five years' 
duration, being characterized by the 
expulsion of the Jews from France. 
Philip is suceeded by Charles IV., 
third son of Philip the Fair, 1322. 
When Charles dies, no male issue be- 
ing left, the crown is bestowed on his 
cousin, Philip ofValois, with whom 
commences the House ofValois, 1328. 
The king of England, Edward III, lays 
claim to the French throne, on the 
grounds of his mother, Isabella, being 
a sister of Charles IV , and accord- 
ingly fits out a great fleet and army 
to wrest the crown from Philip. The 
war which ensues is known as the 
Hundred Years' War. In the battle of 
Crecy,-'" 1346, Philip's forces are to- 
tally defeated. He dies in 1351; and 
in the reign of his successor, John II., 
another victory crowns the English 
army at Poitiers, 1356. A peace is 
finally concluded at Bretigny, Ed- 
ward relinquishing his claim to the 
French crown, and keeping the pro- 
vinces of Calais, and Aquitaine, 1360. 
When Charles V. assumes the throne, 
136-4, he breaks the Peace of Bretig- 
ny, and wrests, nearly all the con- 
quered provinces from England. 
Charles by his political talents re- 
trieves in a great measure, the mis- 
fortunes of his country, and France, 
notwithstanding her constant wars, 
steadily advances in power and extent. 
In 1380, Charles dies and is succeeded 
by the Mad King, Charles VI., whose 
reign is an uunappy one for France. 

1400 

^■■^English authority states that in this 
battle the French army was thrown in 
confusion by cannon placed in frunt of 
tlie English— thus crediting the latter 
with using the first pieces of artillery in 
war. 



THE REIGN OF EDWARD 111. 

Wallace, having taken safety in 
flight, returns in a few years to Scot- 
land, where he is treacherously be- 
trayed to Edward; taken to London, 
and executed as a traitor, 1305. The 
Scots now determine another attempt 
for freedom, and headed by Robert 
Bruce, grand-son of the former, they 
attack and drive the English out of 
Scotland. Edward I. dies while pre- 
paring for battle, and Edward II., a 
weak and indolent prince, succeeds 
him, 1307. The English army is met 
by King Robert Bruce with a force of 
thirty thousand, on the field of Ban- 
nockburn, where Edward is routed, 
1314. The latter on his return to 
London is conspired against and put 
to death; and his son crowned as 
Edward III. The long reign of Ed- 
ward is one of splendid military re- 
nown for England. In his successful 
wars with the Scots and French, his 
son, called from the color of his ar- 
mor, the Black Prince, is greatly dis- 
tinguished. His reign is also mem- 
orable as the age of Chaucer, the 
father of English poetry; and the faint 
dawn of the Reformation, i y the de- 
nunciations of John WickliiTe against. 
papal abuses. Woolen manufacture 
is introduced; the lords and com- 
mons sit in separate chambers for the 
first time; and by Edward the order 
of the Garter is founded. He dies 
one year after the death of liis son, 
ending a glorious reign of fifty-one 
years' duration, 1377. The reign of 
his successor is greatly disturbed by 
an insurrection headed by Wat Tyler, 
who is finally murdered. Rich- 
ard II is unpopular, and in 13'J'J he 
is dethroned and imprisoned The 
rim'agenet line here ends, by the peo- 
ple placing Henry, of the House of 
Lancaster, on the throne; crowned 
as Henry IV. 1400 



CENTRAL EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 

From 1300 A. D. to 1400 A. D. 



27 



THE BIRTH OF SWITZERIiAND. 

Under the harsh administration of 
Albert, a rebellion is raised in Switz- 
erland. William Tell's cruel treat- 
ment from Gessler, the Austrian 
governor of Uri, fans the flame of 
war, and the Swiss, under Hurst, 
Meletald and Stauzfach, make a de- 
termined struggle, 1308. Albert's 
forces are overthrown, and the king 
himself, assassinated the same year, 
by his nephew whose estates were 
seized. Henry VII., of Luxemburg, 
is elected emperor, and during his 
reign of six years duration, the seat 
of papacy is removed from Rome to 
Avignon. In the reign of Louis IV., 
Leopold, the arch-duke of Austria, 
is sent with an army against the 
Swiss; but is defeated in the Pass of 
Morgarten, and his army put to rout, 
1315. This event more firmly secures 
the foundation of the Swiss lepublic. 
The still continued contests between 
the popes and the emperors, are now 
engaged in by the people; and their 
division into Guelphs and Ghibel- 
lines occurs, the former taking sides 
with the pope and the latter with the 
emperor. Charles IV. is placed on 
the throne in 1347. Under his rule 
Germany assumes a more settled form 
of government, by his proclaiming 
the famous Golden Bull, regulating 
the duties and rights of the electors, 
the coronation of the emperors, the 
coinage, and the privilege of the 
free cities. This period marks the 
division of Italy into the modern 
states, Naples, States of the Church, 
Tuscany, Parma, Lombardy, Venice 
and Genoa. The Eastern Empire be- 
comes so decayed that its emperors 
pay homage to other provinces to pre- 
vent invasion. A ter ihe death of 
Charles IV., his son, Wenceslaus, 
rules Germany until his death, 1400. 
1400 



THE TURKS. 

The power of the Ottoman Turks 
now commences in Asia Minor, and 
the foundation of the Turkish em- 
pire is laid by Othman, who makes 
his capital at Byrsa, in Bithynia, 
1302. He dies, 1328,and is succeeded by 
his son, Orchm. Murad or Amurath 
I. becomes sultan in 1356; taking the 
city of Adrianople. His successor, 
Bajazet, greatly advances the boun- 
daries of the empire, but at last meets 
with reveises in provoking hostilities 
with the famous Tamerlane. This 
warrior, king of Tartary, commences 
the conquest of Asia, 1369. He first 
subdues all ancient Persia, then in- 
vades India, defeating the Indian 
army with great slaughter takes 
Bagdad, and lays the country all in 
waste, 1398.— In Northern Europe, 
some important changes occur in this 
century. The crowns of Sweden, 
Norway, and Denmark, are all united 
in the person of Margaret, the daugh- 
ter of Waldemar, and styled in his- 
tory as the Semiramis of ihe North. 
She rules until 1397, when iric IX. 
is associated in the government. The 
14th century clearly manifests the 
dawn of modern civilization, in the 
introduction of the mariner's com- 
pass into Europe, and in the use of 
gunpowder. In this century pins are 
invented, and paper made from linen 
rags. It also marks the period when 
Gothic architecture is in its greatest 
perfection, as the noble edifices re- 
maining down through modern times 
give evidence. Italy revives litera- 
ture in the persons of Petrarch, and 
Boccacio, and Spain with its Moors 
and beautiful Alhambra, is awakened 
into an activity that is soon to bring 
it into the notice of European nations. 
1400 



28 FRANCE. ENGLAND & SCOTLAND. 

From 1400 A. D. to 1500 A. D. 



FERDINAND AND ISABELLA. 

Charles is stricked with insanity 
shortly after coming of age, and the 
kingdom is plunged in dissension. 
Two factions, one headed by the 
Duke of Bui'gundy, and the other by 
the Duke of Orleans, contend for the 
mastery. In the midst of this do- 
mestic atfliction France is invaded 
by the English, and the army under 
D'Albret completely defeated in the 
bloody battle of Agincourt, 1415. The 
English continue their victories, at 
last obtaining complete possession of 
the crown; the Duke of B3dford being 
made Regent. Charles dies, 1422, and 
his successor, Charles VII,, d.'ter- 
mines to recover his kingdom. This 
is accomplished through the wonder- 
derful influence of a young maid, 
Joan of Arc, who raises the siege of 
Orleans. She is given command of 
the army, and the French obtain sev- 
eral brilliant victories. Charles, thus 
by degrees, succeeds in driving the 
English from his kingdom, which he 
governs with great wisdom and mod- 
eration until his death, 1461. His 
son, Louis XI., succeeds him, estab- 
lishing, f jr the first time in Europe, 
post houses. II J is succeeded by his 
son. Charles VIII., 1483.— Ferdinand 
IV., of Arragon, by marrying Q leen 
Isabella of Castile, forms the unitjd 
kingdoin ofSoiin. In their reign the 
Moors, aitor a ten years' war, are 
driven from the kingdom, settling in 
Africa, 1492. F ordinand and Isabella 
are associated with the discovery of 
America in this same year, aidinj 
Columbus wit'.i three small shi|)s for 
the voyage. For this they become 
sovereigns of the New World. 1500 



THE WAR OF THE ROSES. 

An insurrection is raised, headed 
by Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur, 
but Hjnry IV. defeats the rebels at 
Shrewsbury, where Hotspur is slain, 
1403. To gain the favor of the Roman 
pontiff", Henry persecutes the follow- 
ers of Wickliff"e, and in this reign 
martyrdom in England commences. 
Henry dies after a reign of fourteen 
years, leaving the Lancaster branch 
in firm possession. 1U3. Henry V. 
succeeds him, and he, taking advan- 
tage of the French's demoralized con- 
dition, invades their kingdom, mak- 
ing a successful conquest. He 
marries the princess Catharina, re- 
ceiving all her dowry. On his death 
in 1422, Honry VI. is proclaimed 
king, though a mere infant, and the 
Duke of Bedford appointed regent. 
England now sees herself strippe J of 
all French possessions, and civil 
strife introduced at home. Jack Cade 
heads a rebellion, 1450, and in 1455, 
the war, called the ^Var 0/ the Eases 
between the houses of York and 
Lancaster, for the crown, ensues. 
The Yorkers wear a white rose, and 
thj Lancastrians, a red one; and the 
wars drench all England in blood. 
At length, after alternate successes, 
Hmry VI. is deposed, 14G1, and the 
York fiction place Edward IV, on 
t iJ tarone. Hjre the great Earl of 
Warwicjk figures prominently m re- 
instating Honry, but is slain in the 
battle of B trnot, nnd Edward restor- 
ed, 1471. The l.itter's death i)laces 
his brother. Richard III. on the 
throne, but Hmry, Eirlof Richmon 
determines possession; 'vnd on the 
fijldofBasworth, 148^ R.ch-rd, the 
List i lintagenet, is slain. The two 
contenting ho^-^^s are now united 
uad'r Hjnry A^II., and_ the W^rof 
the Roses ends. In his roign shillings 
are c ined and the Court of tho St ir- 
chamber established. 15..0 



CENTRAL EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 29 

From 1400 A. D. to 1500 A. D. 



THE FALL OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 

In the reign of Sigisraund, the suc- 
cessor of Rupert in 1411, the famous 
council of Const..ncc convenes in 
which John Huss, 1415, a id one j'er.r 
later, Jerome, of Prague, are con- 
demned to be burnt for preaching 
against the corru tion of popery. 
War with the Hussites follows, last- 
ing a nimber of years. Sigismund is 
succeeded by Albert II., who after a 
short reign, dies, and the crown is 
bestowed on Frederick III., 1440, 
During the long reign of the latter, 
science and literature are promoted 
by the establishment of universities. 
In Italy the family named Medicis is 
renouned for their efforts in dissemi- 
nating learning; Lorenzo de Medici 
receiving the title of the Magnificent. 
But the grand achievement of the 
age is the invention of printing, this 
honor being divided among three; 
John Gutenburg, Peter Schoeffer, and 
John Faust, 1452. Affairs at this 
time, in the Eastern Empire, are in a 
very critical condition; and its end 
is near at hand. Long an object of 
the ambitious Turks, they were only 
prevented from invasion by the rav- 
ages of Tamerlane; and, after his 
death Mahomet II. lays siege to Con- 
stantinople. The city is taken after 
a feeble resistance, and the inhabi- 
tants put to the sword, 1453. Thus 
perishes the Eastern Empire of the 
Romans, having existed one thou- 
sand one hundred and twenty years. 
Constantinople is made the capital of 
the Turkish Empire. Maximilian I., 
son ofFrederick is chosen emperor of 
Germany in 1493, and being an active 
and enterprising prince, many abuses 
long distracting the peace of the coun- 
try, are ended. Courts are improved 
and a system of police organiz d. 

1500 



MARITIME DISCOVERIES. 

The 15th century marks the com- 
mencement of maritime discoveries, 
an occupation in which the Portu- 
guese take the lead. Prince Henry, 
of Portugal, establishes an observa- 
tory at Sagres where he gathers to- 
gether all the noted astronomers and 
navigators. Urged by the hope of 
finding a southern passage to India, 
Bartholomew Diaz, sailing along the 
coast of Africa discovers the Cape of 
Good Hope, 1487; and the good hopes of 
the Portuguese are realized by Vasco 
da Gama doubling the cape and ar- 
riving at Calicut, a few years after- 
ward. The same idea induces Chris- 
topher Columbus to make his voyage 
resulting in the glorious discovery of 
America, 1492. Columbus makes 
four voyages, discovering the conti- 
nent on the third. England also en- 
gages in this sea enterprise, and the 
Cabots, John and Sebastian, discover 
the island of Newfoundland, 1497. 
They enter the mouth of the St. 
Lawrence in 1499. This immense 
continent is named after Americus 
Vespucius, a Florentine navigator, 
visiting and publishing an account of 
the New World in 1499. Maritime 
voyages, especially the circumnavi- 
gation of Africa, revolutionize the 
commercial interests of Europe. The 
Portuguese, and soon the Dutch, en- 
gage extensively in carrying and dis- 
posing India produce to European 
merchants. The close of the 15th and 
the beginning of the 16th century 
witnesses the death scene of feudal- 
ism, and the rise of great monarchies; 
a period when the nations of Europe 
assume that position in which to 
guard with jealous care, a something 
of vital consequence— ^atonce of Power. 



30 



AMERICA, 



FRANCE & SPAIN. ENG'D & SCOTLAND. 
From 1500 A. D. to 1550 A. D. 



THE SPANIARDS IN AMERICA 

With the discovery of 
America, numberless ex- 
peditions are organized 
for its exploration; east- 
ern adventurers being 
charmed by the won- 
derful accounts'"'" of its 
ric".ness and beauty. In 
this the Spaniards take 
the lead. Jur.n Ponce de 
Leon discovers Florida, 
1512, and the next year 
Nunez de Balboa first be- 
holds the Pacific Ocean. 
In 1519, an expedition is 
sent out by the governor 
of Cuba under Cortez, 
for the reduction of Mex- 
ico. Thishespeedily ac- 
complishes entering their 
capital in triumiih. 

iMontezutna, the Mex- 
ican kinpr is put to death, 
1520. In this same 
year Magellan discovers 
Patagonia, and De Ayl- 
h)n. the Carolinas. The 
Spaniards, under Pizar- 
ro, next invade Peru, 
where the race of rulers 
known as the Inci's, is 
destroyed. 153?,. Cortez 
discovers California, 1537, 
and two years later Fer- 
dinand de Soto obtains 
SI commission from 
Charl'^s V. to conquer 
Florida. Landing on the 
coast with six hundred 
soldiers, ho begins his 
march westward in 
search o gold; the na- 
tives fleeing before him. 
In 1541, he discovers the 
great Mississippi, pnd 
dying soon after, is 
buried on its bank. 

1550 



*It was believed that a 
fountain existed some- 
where in America, which 
was fabled 10 restore tcj the 
aged and infirm, all the 
beauties and freshnpss of 
j'outh. The Spnniards lo- 
cated it in Florida. 



THE AGE OF CHARLr:.^ V. 

The good natured Louis 
XII. .successor of Charks 
VII., is succeeded in 
1515, by Francis I., one 
of the most distinguished 
of French kings, and 
called by his subjects the 
"Father of Letters." He 
renews the claim of his 
predecessor, to the Duchy 
of Milan, and in the re- 
sulting wars performs 
with his general, the 
Chevalier Bayard, deeds 
of great valor. But his 
princii)al military opera- 
tions are against the king 
of Spain, Charles V., his 
succes;i tI rival for the 
throne of Germany. In 
the si(>ge of Pavia, 
Francis is taken prisoner, 
and conveyed to Madrid; 
where ho signs a treaty 
ceding several of his pro- 
vinces to his. conqueror, 
lie then returns to his 
kingdom, spends a 
few years in recruiting 
and remedying internal 
abuses, rnd rmews the 
war, 1527. Charles is 
again successful and in 
1528. Francis with his 
ally Henry VIII. . is com- 
pelled to conclude peace 
atCambra. This is fol- 
lowed by another war, 
and another peace at 
Crespy, 1544. and three 
years after the death of 
Francis, leaves Charles 
in firm possession of the 
German and Spanish 
thrones. Spain in this 
age is raised to a posi ion 
of no little importan'^e. 
With a highly talented 
king, and rich posses- 
sions in the New World, 
she .' beds forth a brilliant 
lustre, never before or 
since equaled in her his- 
tory. Aiter Francis, 
Henry II. is made king 
of France, and in his 
r 'ign Cal'iis is reconquer- 
ed from the English the 
list of their provinces in 
this kingdom. 1550 



THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. 

Henry VII., the first of 
the Tudor kings. of Eng- 
land, leaves the crown to 
his son, Henry VIII, 
15U9. He marries Kath- 
arine of Arragon; but 
alter eighteen years, he 
determines to divorce her 
for Annie Boleyn. Be- 
coming incensed at his 
cardinal, Wolsey, he im- 
peaches the latter, who 
dies in disgrace, 1530. 
Henry renounces the pa- 
pal authority, and es- 
t.iblishes himself as the 
head of the Church of 
Englan>i. In a few years 
he conceives a passion 
lor another lady, and 
Annie Boleyn is behead- 
ed, 1530. In a war against 
the Scots, Henry defeats 
James IV. in the battle 
of Flodden Field, 1513. 
and also the army of his 
successor, James V. He 
abolishes convents, con- 
fiscating their riches; 
and though opposed to 
popery, he cruelly perse- 
cutes the followers of 
Luther, by putting num- 
bers to death. The no- 
bility he treats with the 
greatest severity. But 
notwithstanding, some 
advancement is made. 
Domestic manufacturers 
are encouraged, interest 
of money fixed by law, 
ship-building imi»roved, 
and the navy extended. 
Commerce is largely en- 
g ged in. At last to the 
grert relief of his people 
Henry VIII. dies 1547; 
being pronounced by all 
writers, a merciless ty- 
rant. His son, Edward 
VI. succeeds and fivor- 
intr the Reformation the 
protestant religion pre- 
vails. Aunionis effect- 
ed, the result of which is 
the Chur h of England, 
its liturgv being framed, 
1548, through the influ- 
ence of Cranmer, Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, 
and others. 1550 



CENTRAL EUROPE. NORTHERN EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 3 I 
From 1500 A. D. to 1550 A. D. 



THE REFORMATION. 

The beginning of the 
16th century finds the 
treasury of the Roman 
Church in an exhausted 
condition, and Pope Leo 
X. to remedy this, insti- 
tutes the sale of Indul- 
gences '•• Dissention hav- 
ing already arisen in the 
church regarding its gov- 
ernment, this action only 
increases the discontent. 
Martin Luther, an Agus- 
tine monk publ cly in- 
veighs against the finan- 
cial measure of the pope, 
who in return excom- 
municates him. Luther 
treats the sentence with 
public contempt. On 
the accession of Charles 
V. to the Gr-irm m throne, 
through th^ influence of 
thi pope, Luther is sum- 
moned to appear before 
the Diet of VVorms; but 
he refuses to retract, and 
is dismissed, 1521. The 
new doctrine spreading 
rapidly, the pope makes 
another attempt to crush 
it, by action of the Diet 
of Spires, 1527. Luther 
and his followers protest 
against this action, and 
thenceforth take the 
name of prolestants, 
Charles V., after the 
close of the wars with 
Francis, convenes the 
great Cmncil of Trent in 
1545, dissolving the pro- 
testant league. Science, 
art and literature pro- 
duce some great names 
for the first half of the 
16th century. Artists are 
Michael Angelo, Ra- 
phael. Italians; Durer 
and Holbein, Germans; 
Ariosto, an Italian poet, 
and Copernicus, a cele- 
brated Garman astrono- 
mer. 1550 



*An Indulgence was a 
remission of the punish- 
ment due to sins, and 
granted by the pope or 
church. 



THE NERO OP THE NORTH. 

Some fierce wars are 
waged in the north in 
this period. The crown 
of Sweden, annexed to 
Denmark during the 
reign of Margaret, is 
separated by the Swedes, 
enr .ged at the treatment 
received from Christian 
II. This monarch, called 
the "Nero of the North," 
venting his rage on the 
Swedish nobility, causes 
the whole senate to be 
massacred in Stockholm, 
1520, The maddened 
Swedes, t lereupon arm 
in rebellion, being led by 
the brave Gustavus Vasa. 
The Danes are expelled 
from Sweden and 
Gustavus proclaimed 

king, 1523. His being a 
prince ofgreatenergy and 
prudence, prosperity is 
introduced into the king- 
dom, and through his in- 
fluence the doctrine of 
Reformation is embrac- 
ed. Christiari attempts 
to reconquer Sweden, but 
is defeated, and this, 
with his tyrannical gov- 
ernment, procures his 
dethronement by the 
Danes, 1523. His uncle, 
Frederick, Duke of Hol- 
stien, is then placed on 
the throne, and after a 
reign of eleven years, is 
succeeded by his son. 
Christian III., 1534. The 
latter from his excellent 
traits obtains the title. 
"Father of his People." 
introducing the Lutheran 
faith into Denmark. 
These Northerners are 
credited with making 
some of the earliest mari- 
time discoveries; and ac- 
cording to Icelandic ac- 
counts, Columbus is rob- 
bed of the honor of being 
the first discoverer of 
America. Their colonial 
possessions at this time 
are the Faroe Islands, 
Greenland, and Iceland. 
1550 



THE MAMELUKES. 

Turkish conquests do 
not cease with the cap- 
ture of Constantinople. 
Under Selim, Syria and 
Egypt are invaded. The 
hxtter country is at this 
time in the possession (.f 
the Mamelukes, a body 
of Circassians and 
Georgians, taking pos- 
session of the country in 
the 13th century. These 
Selim defeats and forces 
subjection, 1517. His son, 
Solyman, called the Mag- 
nificent, continues the 
invasions; takes the Isle 
of Rhodes from the 
Knights of St. John, 1521; 
and afterward entering 
Hungary, defeats, in the 
battle of Molvatz, the 
king, Louis II.; the lat- 
ter losing his life, 1526. 
In addition to his suc- 
cessful foreign war- 
fare, Solyman improves 
i his empire internally. 
Learning is encouraged, 
and libraries, hospitals, 
and caravansaries erect- 
ed. — A great many mari- 
time discoveries are 
made in this first half of 
the 16th century. Ceylon, 
by the Portuguese, 1505, 
Madagascar, 1506; Borneo 
and Java 1513; Ch na 
reached by sea, 1517; the 
Philippine and Ladrone 
Islands discovered by 
Magellan, 1520; New 
Guinea by the Spaniards, 
1527. and Japan by ship- 
wrecked Portuguese in 
1542. 1550 



The Mamelukes re- 
mained a military body 
in Egypt until 1810. 
They were mounted 
cavalry, ; nd noted for 
their richly eomparison- 
ed steeds Their quar- 
rels with the Turkish 
pasha, Mehemit Ali, led 
to the massacre of the 
leaders in 1811. 



32 AMERICA. FRA.:CE & SPAIN. ENGLAND & SCOT, 

From 1550 A. D. to 1600 A. D. 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 

The rapid discoveries 
in America are followed 
by movements toward its 
colonization. Florida is 
settled by large number 
of scourged French Hu- 
guenots, whom the jeal- 
ous Philip of Spain de- 
termines to exterminate. 
He commissions Melen- 
dez de Aviles with a fleet 
to destroy the settlement. 
The ships reach the coast 
on the day of St. Augus- 
tine, after which, they 
name the first town in 
America, 1565. The 
Spaniards then defeat 
and massacre about 
nine hundred Hugue- 
nots. Other nations be- 
side Spain are interested 
in the New World. 
Queen Elizabeth grants 
a patent to Sir Hum- 
phrey Gilbert in 1578, for 
l)Ossession of all the lands 
he discovers. He reaches 
and takes Newfound- 
land, but is in a short 
time lost on his return 
voyage to England, 1583. 
Sir Walter Rileigh next 
dispatches two vessels 
under Amidas and Bar- 
low who land on Roa- 
noke Island. After a 
brief stay, the voyagers 
return to England, where 
they give glowing ac- 
counts of the territory 
which is named Virginia. 
Raleigh in 158;5, plants a 
colony on the island, but 
privation induces them 
to return. A second is 
sent out under Captain 
White, the latter return- 
ing in a few years for 
provisions. On reaching 
the island again, he finds 
the colony destroyed. 

1600 



CIVIL & RELIGIOUS WARS. 

Stirring events occur in 
France iind Spain dur- 
ing the latter part of this 
century. In the former 
kingdom Francis II. suc- 
ceeds Henry, 1539; and 
his reign is the era of the 
great civil and religious 
wars of France, between 
Catholics and Protest- 
ants, These latter re- 
ceive the name of Hu- 
guenots, The sickly 
Francis dies after a reign 
of but seventeen months, 
and his brother, Charles 
IX. is made king. This 
monarch &,t the insti- 
gation of his mother, 
Catharine de Medici, en- 
ters into a scheme for 
exterminating all the 
Huguenots in the king- 
dom; and the horrible 
plot is carried into exe- 
cution on the eve of St. 
Bartholomew, 1572. Sev- 
enty thousand Protest- 
ants are mercilessly 
butchered. Charles dies 
two years later and is 
succeeded by Henry III. 
— In Spain great confus- 
sion is occasioned by the 
revolt of the Nether- 
lands, and Philip II., 
enraged at England for 
assisting, declares war 
against that kingdom. 
A powerful fleet called 
the Invincible Antinda, 
commanded by the Duke 
Medina, sails against the 
English, but it being 
shattered by storms, the 
remnant is defeated by 
the English vessels, 1588. 
This closes the war. — 
In 1589, the House of 
Valois ends, and the 
Bourbons assume the 
throne, in the person of 
Henry IV.— Some liter- 
ary stars belong to these 
kingdoms in this period; 
Cervantes, a Spanish 
writer, and Montaigne, 
the French essayist. 

1600 



AGE OF ELIZABETH. 

On the death of Ed- 
ward, leaving no direct 
heir, Lady Jane Grey 
assumes the crown, 1553, 
She reigns but ten days, 
when the people, dissat- 
isfied, proclaim Mary, 
daughter of Catharine, 
queen, according to the 
will of Henry VIII. 
Lady Grey and her hus- 
band are executed, and 
Mary, cursed with the 
epithet of the Bloody, 
reigns five years. Under 
her rule papacy is re- 
stored, and hundreds < f 
Protestants burn at the 
stake. She dies. 1558, 
and Elizabeth, daughter 
of Annie B >leyn is 
crowned. The latter re- 
stores the Angelican 
church, placing herself 
at its head. Great ad- 
vancements are made. 
Francis Drake circum- 
navigates the world re- 
turning in three years, 
1580. Commerce and 
manufactures are in- 
creased.— Scotland is at 
this time undergoing a 
religious reformation, 
introduced by the cele- 
brated John Knox. 
Mary, grand-niece of 
Henry VlII., and wife 
of Francis ll., on the 
1 ittjr's death, returns to 
Scotland and assumes 
the throne; marrying 
Lord Darnly. The latter 
is murdered, and Marj', 
to escape the designs of 
her evil court, places 
herself in the power of 
Elizabeth, and is be- 
headed by order of the 
jealous queen, 1587. In 
the reign of Elizabeth, 
English literature reach- 
es its meridian of glory 
under Shakespeare, Sid- 
ney, Raleigh, Bacon, 
and Spenser; and the 
victorious navy places 
England mistress of the 
sea. 1600 



CENT. EUROPE. NORTH. EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 33 

From 1550 A. D. to 1600 A. D. 



RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUB. 

Charles V., elated over 
Ms successes, becomes 
tyrannical in his govern- 
ment; and as a conse- 
quence, he arouses the 
hatred of alike, Protest- 
ants and Catholics. Mau- 
rice of Saxony forms an 
alliance with Henry II., 
of Fi'ance, and war is 
declared against the em- 
peror in 1552. The latter 
meets with as many re- 
verses, as his successes, 
and is at last compelled 
to grant the people re- 
ligious liberty. In 1556, 
he resigns his crown to 
his brother, Ferdinand, 
and dies two years after- 
ward. Ferdinand's reign 
of six years, is spent in 
trying to reconcile the 
contending religious fac- 
tions, Catholics, Luther- 
ians and Calvinist, but is 
unsuccessful, and the 
same results attend the 
reigns of his successors, 
Maximilian II. and Ru- 
dolph II.— At this period 
the Netherlandcrs whose 
government Charles V. 
gave to Philip II. , are en- 
raged at the Litter's ef- 
forts to crush the reform 
spirit. They revolt and 
Philip sends tlie Duke of 
Alva ^ reduce them. 
His terrible " Blood 
Council" only makes re- 
sistance more determin- 
ed. AVilliam, ofOrange, 
is made president of the 
Dutch Republic at the 
Union of Utrecht, 1579. In 
their Avars, the Dutch are 
aided by Queen Eliza- 
beth, and the Spaniards 
comi,elled to yield. — 
Two great names grace 
the history of Central 
Europe in this age, viz.: 
The Italians, Galileo, 
the famous astronomer, 
and Tasso, the poet. 

1600 



DENMARK AND SWEDEN. 

The son of Christian 
III., is placed on the 
throne as Frederick II., 
after his father's pros- 
perous reign of twenty- 
five years, 1559. His age 
is honored with the per- 
son of Tycho-Brahe, the 
great astronomer of Cop- 
enhagen. The king erects 
an observatory on the 
island of Huen, where 
astronomical observa- 
tions are made that prove 
of great value. Christian 
III. is crowned on the 
death of Frederick, 1588, 
and is chosen leader of 
the Protestant league 
against the emperor of 
Germany. Nothing of 
interest occurs in his 
reign. — In Sweden also, 
an uneventful history is 
presented in the reiarns 
of Eric XIV., son of Gus- 
tavus Viisa, John III., 
and Sigismund. The 
whole reign of the latter 
is disturbed by disputes 
concerning the success- 
ion to the crown, which 
is finally bestowed on 
Charles IX., brother of 
John . 1600 

The early history of all 
the northern nations is 
confused and uninterest- 
ing; and it is not until 
the latter part of the 14th 
century th;it accounts of 
their operations are 
strictly authentic. They 
were continually at war, 
and their ravages were 
attended with murders 
and massacres of the 
most brutal nature. The 
modern Scandanavians 
however, are character- 
ized for honesty, indus- 
try, and love of country. 



THE EAST-INDIA COMPANY. 

Frequent discoveries 
keep alive the spirit of 
navigation. The Eng- 
lish in 1552, observe 
Spitzenbergen, mistak- 
ing it for a part of Green- 
land. The next year 
Chancellor, the English 
navigator discovers the 
White Sea. In 1575, 
Mendana, a Sp-.niard 
sent out by the governor 
of Peru, discovers the 
Solomon Islands. Fro- 
bisher's strait is discov- 
ered by the English nav- 
igator Avhose name it 
bears, 1576; Xcav Albion, 
by Francis Drake, 1577; 
and Siberia made known 
to Europe in 1580. A be- 
lief in the existance of a 
northuest passage to India 
occasions a great many 
voyages. Davis search- 
ing for this passes 
through the strait which 
bears his name, 1585. 
Later the English navi- 
gator, Hawkins, discov- 
ers the Falkland Islands, 
and the Spaniard, Men- 
dana, the Marquesas, 
1595. — The first mercan- 
tile voyage fi'om Eng- 
land to India oec urs in 
1591. Others fallow, and 
1600, a charter is obtained 
from Elizabeth, by mer- 
chants foruiLd into an 
organizat'on known as 
"The Governor and 
Company of London 
Merchants trading to the 
East Indies." This lays 
the foundation of British 
authority in India — an 
authority which is to- 
day guarded with jeal- 
ous interest. 1600 



34 AMERICA. FRANCE & SPAIN. GREAT BRITAIN. 

From 1600 A. D. to 1650 A. D. 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 

In 1606, the Plymouth 
and London companies 
are chartered by James 
I., of England, and the 
first settlement in New 
England is made at 
Jamestown, 1607. Many 
annoyances are suifered 
from the hostile Indians; 
the leader, Captain John 
Smith, being captured, 
and only saved through 
the efforts of the princess, 
Pocahontas. New York 
is settled by the Dutch, 
1614, and in 1610, a Dutch 
ship brands America, 
with the curse of slavery. 
The next year brings the 
May-flower with its nick- 
named "Puritans," who 
land on Plymouth Rock. 
Indian warfare with its 
terrors is introduced in 

1622, by the heartless 
massacre of 317 men, wo- 
men, and children of the 
Virginia colony. Main 
and New Hampshire are 
settled by the Dutch, 

1623, and New Jersey and 
Delaware by the Swedes. 
Charleston and Boston 
are founded, 1629, by the 
Massachusetts Bay Com- 
pany, of which John 
Winthrop is first gover- 
nor. Maryland, by Lord 
Baltimore, 16 U, and 
Rhode Island by the ban- 
ished Roger Williams, 
1636. Two years later 
Harvard College is 
founded, and in 1639 the 
first printing press set up 
by Stephen Day. The 
witch-craft excitement 
commences in New Eng- 
land in 1618. 1650 



CAEDINAL EICHELIEU. 

The long continued civ- 
il strife in France is 
ended by the famous 
'^ Edict 0/ Nantes," grant- 
ed by Henry IV., 
restoring all the infring- 
ed upon rights of the 
French Protestants. Hen- 
ry's reign is ended by his 
assassination, 1610, thus 
closing a career in which 
he justly earned the title. 
Father of his People. 
Mary de Medici, the 
queen mother, rules as 
regent during the minor- 
ity of Henry's son crown- 
ed as Louis XIII. On 
the latter becoming of 
age, Mary is banished; 
an event which again 
throws France into a 
state of anarchy. About 
this time, a young man, 
named Richelieu, is made 
cardinal by the pope, and 
gradually becomes the 
central figure in the 
state; gaining complete 
control over the mind of 
the stupid Louis. He 
wars against the Hugue- 
nots for asserting their 
independence, conquer- 
ing at the siesre of Roch- 
elle, 1628. This crushes 
the protestant power in 
France, and the great 
cardinal's attention is 
next turned toward the 
war in Germany. He 
dies, 1642, and one year 
after, Louis XIII.; being 
succeeded by his son, the 
renowned Louis XIV.— 
The great French Philos- 
opher. Descartes, dies 
1650.-The throne of Spain 
is occupied during this 
period by Philip IV. 

1650 



THE STUARTS. 

On the death of Eliza- 
beth, 1603, the thrones of 
England and Scotland 
are united in the person 
of James I., son of Mary, 
Queen of Scots. With 
him commences the Stu- 
art period of English his- 
tory. James is very rad- 
ical in his government, 
under the Stuart doctrine 
of the *' Divine Right of 
Kings," and, through his 
weakness, parliament 
gains many decided ad- 
vantages. His reign is 
blotted with the conspir- 
acy that is known as the 
Gunpowder Plot, being 
an unsuccessful attempt 
to restore papacy, 1605. 
It is on the contrary, 
brilliant with advance- 
ments in learning. Har- 
vey discovers the circu- 
lation of the blood. 
Napier calculates Logar- 
ithms; Ben Jonson, poet 
laureate, and Hobbs, a 
philosopher, James is 
succeeded by his son, 
Charles I., 1625, in whom 
all the follies of his fath- 
er are displayed. He 
quarrels with parliament 
by which he is compelled 
to sign the Petition 0/ 
Jiight,iC,2S.^ He then dis- 
solves p.irliament, but in 
1610, ZiOng I'arliament con- 
venes. Finally civil war 
results with the king and 
clergy on one side, and 
parliament on ihe other. 
In this war Oliver Crom- 
well soon becomes prom- 
inent; and in the battle 
of Naseby, 1645, Charles 
is vanquished. He is ta- 
ken, condemned as a 
traitor, and beheaded, 
1649. The Commonwealth 
is now established. 1650 



CENT, EUROPE. NORTH. EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS' 3 5 

From 1600 A.D. to 1650 A. D. 



THE THIRTY YKARS WAR. 

The first half of the ITtli 
century in Central Eu- 
rope, is the remarkable 
period of the ''Thirty 
Year's War," commenc- 
ing in 1610. This war re 
suits principally from the 
bitter enmity of the Pro- 
testant and Catholic 
princes. Mathias being 
succeeded on the imperial 
throne by Ferdinand II, 
1619, the Protestants re- 
volt, and make Freder- 
ick, the Elector Palatine, 
their kinc But Freder- 
ick is defeated and driven 
out of Bohemia, 1620, and 
the emperor, placing 
Wallenstein at the head 
of his army, determines 
to destroy the protestant 
power in Germany. His 
schemes, however, bring 
a league of the other 
powers against him, and 
a dreadful strife ensues, 
in whicli the opposing 
forces are led by Gusta- 
vus Adolphus, and Car- 
dinal Richelieu, Ferdi- 
nand is succeeded by his 
son, Ferdinand III, 16.S7; 
and the latter pnrt of the 
war being carried on 
successfully for Protes- 
tantism, by the French 
leaders Turrenne and 
Conde, the emperor sues 
for pe:ce. The wnr 
closes 1)V the great Treaty 
of He.s////tn/ a, 1648. Ger- 
many is left in a very 
shattered condition by 
this war; one from whi'^'h 
it takes her many years 
to recover,— Kepler, the 
astronomer, Rubens and 
Vandyck, artists, arc 
i.ames belonging to this 
age. 165LI 



GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. 

Charles IX,, of Sweden, 
is succeeded by his son, 
Gustavus Adolphus, a 
zealous Protestant, 1611, 
A prince of noble charac- 
ter, and tru^ christian 
virtues, he at once es- 
pouses the cause of his 
people in Germany, and 
entering that country, 
commands the gaze and 
admiration of all Europe, 
The brilliant military ca- 
reer of this "Lion of the 
North," is closed at the 
battle of Lutzen, where 
he dies in the * ' arms of 
victory," 1632. The 
Swedes now intrust the 
regency of their kingdom 
to Oxensteirn, an able 
statesman, and under 
whose guidance, the war 
is prosecuted with suc- 
cess.— Denmark also par- 
tK-ipntesin the "Thirty 
Year's War;" Christian 
IV,, being chosen at the 
liead of the Protestant 
Leanrue, Mi-^v Chris- 
ti-Mi's denth Frederick 
III. is placed on the 
throne, and through his 
efforts Denmark is chang- 
ed from an elective to an 
hereditary monarch. A 
Avar of two years' dura- 
tion is waged between 
Denmark and Sweden, 
but their differences are 
all settled by the "Peace 
of Westphalia. During 
these years the northern 
nations rise from their 
semi-barbarous condit- 
ion to equal ra:.k among 
nations. 1650 



*One of the most imporf 
ant treaties recorded in 
history. 



DISCOVERIES. 

The principal discov- 
eries of this age are, 
Australia by the Dutch 
in 1606; Hudson Bay, by 
the English navigator, 
Hudson, in 1607; Chesa- 
peake Bay, by John 
Smith, same year. In 
1616, Cape Horn is doub- 
led by two Dutch navi- 
gators, Le Maire and 
Schouten, performing a 
voyage around the world 
in about two years. In 
the same year William 
BaflBn, an Englishman, 
discovers the bay which 
bears his name. A Rus- 
sian ship, 1636, sails 
down the river Lena, dis- 
covering thus, that the 
Arctic Ocean washes 
northern Asia. New Zea- 
land is discovered by 
Tasman, a Dutch navi- 
gator in 1642, The 17th 
century indicates a strik- 
ing advancement in the 
intellectual condition of 
mankind. Philosophy 
under Bacon (1561-1626), 
receives a new impetus 
by his substitution of the 
2rac?i<c^iwmethod:of reason- 
ing. Scientific organiza- 
tions are instituted. Lite- 
rature is developed in the 
cultivation of the drama; 
and, although the means 
and advantages of intel- 
ligence are very limited, 
the close of the century 
witnesses a considerable 
progress in general edu- 
cation and refinement 

1650 



36 AMERICA. FRANCE & SPAIN. GREAT BRITAIN. 

From 1650 A. D. to 1700 A. D. 



COLONIAL WARS. 

In addition to the 
trouble arising from the 
New England "persecu- 
tions," these colonies 
experience the first op- 
pressive act of the moth- 
er country; England 
passing the "Navigation 
Act." 1651, restricting 
American trade. The 
Quakers arrive in Massa- 
chusetts, and their per- 
secution commences in 
1659. Many grants are 
made by eastern kings 
for colonizing under their 
rule. Winthrop obtains 
a charter for Hartford 
and New Haven, and 
Carolina is granted to 
Lord Clarendon by the 
king of England, 1663. 
.Colonial conquests also 
commence at this time. 
The Swedes are conquer- 
ed on the Delaware by 
the Dutch, and the latter 
are in turn deprived of 
New York by the Eng- 
lish, 1664. In 1675 "King 
Philip's War" commen- 
ces, in which six hun- 
dred New Englanders are 
killed. William Penn, 
the philanthropist re- 
ceives a grant of Penn- 
sylvania from Charles 
II., and founds Phila- 
delphia, 1681, and the 
next year. La Salle visits 
and names Louisiana. 
The tyrannical govern- 
ment of And. 'OSS for a 
long time destroys the 
peace of the colonies, and 
then "King William's 
War," 1688. Texas is 
settled by the Spaniards, 
1692, and in the same 
year William and Mary's 
College, is chartered. 
1698 marks the piracies 
of Captain Kidd. 1700 



AGE OF LOUIS XIV. 

During the minority of 
Louis XIV,, the regency 
is placed in the hands of 
Annie of Austria, though 
the real power is wielded 
by her minister, Maza- 
rin. On the latter' s death 
Louis assumes the gov- 
ernment, 1661; and after 
strengthening the finan- 
ces of his kingdom, de- 
termines to increase his 
territory. He first in- 
vades Holland, but an 
alliance of other powers 
compels him to yield his 
gains. Four years after- 
ward, a second war is 
commenced against the 
Netherlands, but again 
the latter's brave resist- 
ance calls aid from other 
nations. The strife is 
finally ended by the 
Peace of Nimeguen, 
1679. This treaty is of 

freat advantage to 
'ranee, and the people 
confer upon Louis the 
title of Great. In point 
of prominence, this is a 
glorious era for France. 
Her great names are 
Comeille, La Fontaine, 
Moliere, Pascal, Bossuet, 
Boileau, Ricine and 
Fenelon, writers; in 
Spain Murillo, artist. 
But she does not enjoy 
domestic happiness, 

Louis persecutes the 
Protestants by revok- 
ing the ' ' Edict of Nantes;" 
and thousands of Hu- 
guenots leave the king- 
dom. He engages in an- 
other war against Wil- 
liam of England, and 
many battles are fought, 
but it is finally ended by 
the Peace of Ryswick, 
1697. 1700 



THE COMMONWEALTH. 

This form of govern- 
ment lasts eleven years, 
and during the first 
period, the ruling power 
is exercised by a parlia- 
ment of forty-one mem- 
bers. But Cromwell's 
military successes soon 
center the real power in 
himself. Charles II. at 
the head of the Scottish 
army, attempts to re- 
cover the crown, but the 
battle of Worcester, 
1651, crushes his hopes 
and he retires to the con- 
tinent. In 1653, from a 
parliament known as 
"Barebone's Parlia- 

ment," Cromwell re- 
ceives the title. Lord 
Protector of the Common- 
weulih. His stern rule 
lasts until death, 1658. 
The people now thor- 
oughly disgusted with 
so-called self-rule, re- 
call Charles II.; and the 
Restoration is received 
with joy. The age of 
Charles, though consid- 
ered a "fast one," is 
progressive. Manufac- 
tures are established, 
Coach traveling intro- 
duced, and the Royal 
Society founded in Lon- 
don, 1660. Isaac New- 
ton, the philosopher, 
Milton, Butler, Taylor, 
Bunyan, and Dryden, 
writers, are ornaments 
of this period. In 1685, 
Charles dies, and James 
II., is made king. His 
Catholic ideas procure 
his dethronement in 1688, 
and the reign of William 
and Mary commences. 
Here the growth of Lib- 
erty is marked by the 
famous Bill of Eights, 
which places many re- 
strictions on the crown. 
Mary dies, 1694, and 
William wars against 
France. 1700 



CENTRAL EUROPE. NORTHERN EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 3/ 
From 1650 A. D. to 1700 A. D. 



WILLIAM OF ORANGE. 

On the death of Fer- 
dinand III., Leopold I. 
is elected to the imperial 
throne, 1658. The prin- 
cipal event in the history 
of Central Europe at 
this time, is the war with 
Louis XIV. In this, 
Holland, against whom 
the French king directs 
his assaults, makes a 
vigorous detenoe. Wil- 
liam, Prince of Orange, 
commanding the army, 
as a last resort, opens the 
sluices, protecting the 
land from th sea. The 
Dutch fleet, under Dc 
Ruyter, then gains ad- 
vantages; and the Hol- 
landers, obtaining aid 
from other powers,* com- 
pel Louis to make the 
Peace of Rystvick, 1697. 
Previous to this, howev- 
er, a revoluti n in Eng- 
land placed William 
of Orange on that 
throne; he being the 
grand-son of Charles I. 
Few representatives of 
learning are found in 
Central Europe during 
the last half of this cen- 
tury. Spinoza, a Jew of 
Holland, gains notoriety 
by his bold cours ■ of 
reasoning. Leibnitz, a 
mathematician, and 

Rembrandt, the painter, 
are great names of tlie 
period. 170(> 

*A league was formed 
called the Gkand Alli- 
ANCK consisting » f Eng- 
land, Holland, and Ger- 
many ; and the war on the 
continent became almost 
universal against Louis 
XIV. In the treaty of 
Kyswick. he was compell- 
ed tn relinquish some of 
the Rhine provinces gain- 
ed previously, and recog- 
niz • William, king of Eng 
land. 



NORTHERN WARS, 

In 1654, Christina, the 
daughter of Gustavus 
Adolphus, abdicates the 
throne of Sweden in 
favor of her cousin, 
Charles X. The latter 
wars against the Poles 
and also the Danes for 
assisting them. But the 
Danes making an ally of 
the Dutch, Charles is 
driven from Denmark. 
He returns home, where 
reverses hasten his death, 
1660. His son, Charles 
XI., succeeds him. Dur- 
ing the latter's minority, 
the long contest between 
Pohtnd and ^weden is 
ended by the Peace of 
Oliva, in which disputed 
provinces are confirmed 
to Sweden, and the claim 
of the Polish kings on 
the Swedish crown re- 
linquished. Another war 
with Denmark breaks 
out in 1675, in which the 
Swedes are worsted, but 
a treaty of advantage to 
the latter, is made at 
Fontainebleau. 1679. The 
home rule of Charles XI. 
is much disturbed by 
struggles between the 
king and senate, the 
former supported by the 
burghers and peasants, 
and the latter by the no- 
bles of th<^ kingdom. 
Charles triumphs, and 
in 1693, an act of Diet 
makes the power of the 
king absolute. In 1697, 
he leaves his dominions 
to one of the greatest 
characters of history, his 
son, Charles XII., known 
in Europe as the "Alex- 
ander," the "Quixote." 
the "Madman of the 
North." The kingdom 
is now enjoying a high 
state of prosperity and 
power. 1700 



RISE OF RUSSIA. 

Russia, now one of the 
great European Powers, 
until about this period, 
existed in little less than 
barbarism; caused by the 
continual invasion of the 
Mongolian savages. Its 
real beginning- is with 
the foundation of the 
great Hovse of Romunoff, 
by Michael RomanoiF in 
the early part of this cen- 
tury. After his death, 
his son Alexis rules as 
Czar,--- until 1676. Dur- 
ing this period, although 
his government is at- 
tended with severity, 
rapid advancements are 
made. Gold mines are 
opened and worked, and 
friendly intercourse car- 
ried on wit the civilized 
west. Alexis after a 
reign of thirty-one years 
dies leaving by his first 
wife eight children, and 
his second two. One of 
these latter is Peter, 
known in history, as 
J'eter the Great. Great 
disputes now ensue, re- 
garding the successor- 
ship to the throne; which 
Peter; defeating the 
l)lans of his half sister, 
Sophia, secures for him- 
self alone, 1689. Peter's 
sole ambition is to in- 
crease the prosperity and 
power of his c untry; 
and he at once commen- 
ces the great work which 
has characterized him in 
history. 1700 

*Ivan is mentioned as 
the first Russian prince 
who assumed the tit'e of 
Czar, 1462. The word is 
taken from the L-atin, 

CAESAR. 



38 AMERICA. FRAXCE & SPAIN. GREAT BRITAIN. 

From 1700 A. D. to 1750 A. D. 



COLONIAL HISTOKY. 

Indian ravages are a 
sourcL! uf much misery to 
the American colonies; 
and these are greatly in- 
creased by the war 
known in America 
as ' Queen Anne's War," 
in which the English , and 
French and Indians are 
engaged, 1702. Still, civ- 
ilization advances. One 
yeai before this, Yale 
College is founded; and 
in 1701 a newspaper call- 
ed ' ' The Boston I^^eics Ze^- 
<er,'* is published. Later, 
free schools are establish- 
ed in that city, and in 
New York, a colonial 
post office is instituted, 
1712 Tea is introduced 
for use in New England, 
1720, and in 1722 paper 
money is first issued in 
Pennsylvania. General 
Oglethorpe arrives from 
England, 1733, with a 
colony, and settles Geor- 
gia, where he is joined 
by many immigrants 
After the close of Queen 
Anne's War, the colonies 
remain at peace for about 
thirty years, when En- 
gland and France carry 
their differences to Amer- 
ica in ^'J^ing George's 
War," 1744. ' The princi- 
pal event of this is the 
capture of Louisburg, the 
"Gibraltar of America," 
by the English 1745. 
Peace is concluded in 
1748, and next broken by 
the "0/tto Valley Claims," 
in 1750. 1750 



WAR OF THK SPANISH SUC. 

When Philip Y. is 
crowned king of Spain, 
1700, his intimate rela- 
tions with Louis XIY. 
are looked upon by other 
monarchs as dangerous to 
the Balance of Bower, and 
the " War of the Spanish 
Succession," commences 
1702. England, Holland 
and Prussia support the 
claim of the Archduke 
Charles, and Louis, that 
of Philip. The latter 
maintains his throne, and 
the war ends by the Peace 
of Utrecht, 1713. The last 
years of the reign of Louis 
XIV. are spoken of as 
the "Golden Age of 
France," and are noted 
for the grandeur of 
the French court. The 
fine buildings, libraries, 
schools of learning, 
among them the French 
Academy of Sciences, are 
monuments of his age. 
He is succeeded in 1715, 
by his great grandson, 
Louis XV., a weak and 
profligate prince, and 
under whose reign 
France rapidly sinks in- 
to a demoralized state. 
Foolish wars are waged, 
to support which Louis 
completely ruins the fi- 
nances of France. Tax- 
es, the most burdensome, 
and unjust, are imposed 
on the people. He, in 
short, paves the way for 
one of the most terrible 
epochs in their history— 
The French Revolution. 

1750 



HOUSE OF HANOVER. 

In the age of Queen 
Anne, the successor of 
William III., 1702, a gal- 
axy of literary stars 
rises. — Pope, Addison, 
Steele, Swift, Prior, 
Fielding and Richard- 
son, being the most bril- 
liant. Her death, 1714, 
marks the accession of 
the House of Hanover. In 
the reign of George I., a 
rebellion occurs, headed 
by a son of James II, 
known as the i'refender; 
but the would be James 
III. is defeated, and 
quiet restored. During 
this reign, the financial 
disaster, known as the 
South Sea Bubble, oc- 
curs, 1720. George II. 
succeeds his father 
1727, with Sir Rob- 
ert Walpole, Prime Min- 
ister, and durimj the lat- 
ter part of his reign, 
William Pitt, the Great 
Commoner, distinguishes 
himself. Several heavy 
wars are engaged in by 
the English— War with 
Spain, 1739, War of the 
Austrian succession, in 
which George sides with 
Maria Theresa, 1741. The 
Stuarts in this reign made 
their last attempt for the 
crown. Charles, the son 
of the Pretender, raising 
an army of Scots, invades 
England, but suffers an 
overwhelming defeat on 
the plains of Culloden, 
1745. In the reign of 
King George II. the 
change in time, from the 
old to the neiv style calen- 
der is made. 1750 



CENTRAL EUROPE. NORTHERN EUROPE. MISCELLANEOUS. 3 9 
From 1700 A. D. to 1750 A. D. 



RISE OF PRUSSIA. 

During the War of the 
Spanish Succession, the 
Elector of Brandenburg, 
Frederick III., offers his 
aid t the German em- 
peror, on condition of 
his obtaining for him, the 
crown of the small 
Dutchy of Prussia. This 
is accomplished and the 
Elector of Brandenburg 
becomes King of Prussia, 
with the title Freder- 
ick I., 1701. He rules 
until 1713, when the sec- 
ond king, Frederick Wil- 
liam is crowned. This 
stern old monarch spends 
his years in organizing 
and disciplining the 
Prussian army, making 
it one of the best in Eu- 
rope. He dies, 1740, 
leaving the throne to his 
son, Frederick II., better 
known as Frederick the 
Great. The same year 
the emperor, Charles VI. 
dies, and Maria Theresa, 
his daughter, becomes 
ruler over his poss'ssions. 
To part of these Freder- 
ick lays claim, and, in a 
war, called the First ^i- 
lesian War, he obtains the 
province of Silesia, 1742. 
The Seconil S>l".n'ii>. War is 
engaged in by England 
and France, but ended, 
1745. Onf^ of the most im- 
portant European treat- 
ies is that of Aix-ln-Cha- 
pelle, 1748, concluded 
Mmong England, France, 
Holland, Spain, and 
Hungary. It not only 
adjusted European, but 
American colonial af- 
fairs. 1750 



CHARLES XII. 

Charles XII, commenc- 
es his military career by 
hostilities against the 
confederated powers, 
Denmark, Russia and 
Poland He speedily 
subdues the Danes, and 
then turning toward the 
Russians, obtains a de- 
cided victory at Narva, 
1700. He then enters Po- 
land and Saxony, where 
for four years his move- 
ments are crowned with 
success. He dethrones 
Augustus, and places 
Stanislaus on the Polish 
throne. Russia is next 
invaded, but the expedi- 
tion is unsuccessful, and 
in the battle of Pultowa, 
1709, the Swedes are 
routed completely. At 
last, in 1718, this "North- 
ern Meteor" is swept 
from the sky, being kill- 
ed by a cannon shot, in 
Norway. His sister, 
Eleonora, now assumes 
the throne and a period 
of peace follows. Agricul- 
ture and commerce flour- 
ish, and Linngeus con- 
contributes to science by 
his classification of Bot- 
any. In the Peace of Abo, 
1743. through British 
mediation, Finland is 
yielded to Russia. 1750 

Norway was incorpora- 
ted with Denmark in 
1397, and remained thus 
until 1814, when by a 
treaty between Denmark 
and "Britain, the sover- 
eignty of Norway was 
given to Sweden. 



PETER THE GREAT. 

Leaving the govern- 
ment in the hands of a 
noble, Peter journeys 
through England and 
Holland, acquainting 
himself with all the 
modern improvements of 
the age; and on his re- 
turn in 1701, Russia un- 
dergoes a thorough re- 
form. During the inter- 
vals of pe.'.ce, Peter 
devotes his whole atten- 
tion towai-d improving 
the domestic interests of 
his people. Manufac- 
turing is encouraged; a 
navy organized; print- 
ing introduced; and by 
his despotic rule, the 
power of the priesthood 
is crushed. In 1704, he 
founds the city of St. 
Petersburg making it the 
capital of his kingdom. 
His wars against the 
Swedes and the Turks, 
though he suffers several 
defeats, are, on the 
whole, advantageous to 
Russia. He dies, 1725, 
reigning thirty-six years. 
The throne is now occu- 
pied successively, by 
Peter's widow, Catherine 
I., Peter II., grand-son 
of Peter the Great, Annie, 
a niece of the same, and 
Elizabeth, his daughter, 
the latter assuming the 
throne in 1740. Their 
reigns are attended with 
little advancement for 
Russia. 1750. 



40 AMERICA. FRANCE. GREAT BRITAIN. 

From 1750 A. D. to 1800 A. D. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

The latter part of the 
18th ce tury is one of the 
most important eras of 
American history. The 
French and Indian War, 
resulting favorably for 
the English, is ended by 
the Treaty of Paris, 1763. 
Then commences serious 
ti-ouble with the mother 
country, and Parlia- 
ment's scheme o^^'Taxa- 
tion ivithoutRepresentidion^ ' 
rouses a deep spirit of 
opposition among the 
colonies. Under the 
leadership of the pat- 
riots, Jefferson, Han- 
cock, Henry, Lee, 
Adams, Franklin and 
others, they declare 
themselves Free and In- 
dependent, 1776. The war 
of the Revolution follows 
with Greorge Washington 
commander-in-chief of 
the colonial army. 
Grreen, Putnam, Lafay- 
ette, DeKalb, and others 
figure prominently. In- 
dependence is ac- 
knowledged by England 
and other powers in 
1783. Washington is 
chosen president of the 
new republic; serves 
eight years, and is suc- 
ceeded by .John Adams, 
1797. Freedom from war 
brings prosperity to the 
United States, industry 
and commerce grow rap- 
idly, and power abroad 
inci-eases. The capital 
of the United States is 
removed to Washington 
in 1800. 1800 



FRENCH REVOLUTION. 

Some great literary 
and scientific names be- 
long to French history of 
this period. The former 
are Rousseau, Voltaire, 
Montesquieu, and Buf- 
fon; the latter, D'Alem- 
bert, Laplace, and La- 
voisier.— Louis XVI. and 
the beautiful Marie An- 
toinette ascend the 
throne of France under 
the most distressing cir- 
cumstances, 1774. The 
people, crazed with tax- 
ation refuse to labor 
farther, and arm in 
mobs against the nobili- 
ty. In Paris, 1789, the 
Bastile is destroyed. The 
king retires to Versailles; 
but a mob returns him 
to Paris. A republic is 
proclaimed; Louis is 
seized, and through the 
villainies of Robespierre; 
Danton, and Marat, 
brought to the scaffold, 
1793. The Reign of Ter- 
ror reaches its greatest 
height, by the work of 
the Guillotine. The queen, 
and thousands, are be- 
headed. At last the re- 
action comes, and the 
Revolution is ended by 
the death of its leaders. 
A government called the 
Directory, consisting of 
five executive rulers und 
a council of A ncients and 
the Five ITuvdred insti- 
tuted, 1795. One of these 
directors is afterward, 
that great military star 
that dazzled the whole 
world— Napoleon Bona- 
parte. 800 



REIGN OF GEORGE III. 

The reign of George 
III., commencng in 
1760, is an eventful one 
for England. A long and 
bloody war is carried on 
with France, and ex- 
tends into India. It re- 
sults in the firm security 
of that country to the 
English. They, howev- 
er, suffer the loss of 
America, where their 
armies under Cornwallis, 
Howe, Burgoyne, and 
other able generals* are 
defeated. Rapid intel- 
lectual advancement is 
indicated by a host of 
writers and thinkers* 
Johnson, Hume, Sterne, 
Goldsmith, Burke, Gib- 
bon, and Burns, writers; 
Reynolds, and Gaines- 
borough, artists; and 
Smith; Bentham, Brind- 
ley, Ilargreaves, Wedg- 
wood, and Ark Wright, 
philosophers and inven- 
tors. In 1796, a rebel- 
lion is raised in Ireland, 
in which the insurgents 
are aided by the French. 
But the latter are de- 
feated and the revolt 
quelled. A great victory 
is also obtained, by 
Nelson, over the Span- 
iards in the Battle of the 
Nile, 1798. The last years 
of George's reign Avitness 
considerable home dis-. 
sension, caused by the. 
constant drain upon the 
resources to carry on, 
military operations. 

1800 



CENTRAL EUROPE. RUSSIA. MISCELLANEOUS. A I 

From 1750 A. D. to 1800 A. D. 



FREDERICK THE GREAT. 

The last and greatest 
of Frederick's wars, is 
known as the Seven Yeai-x' 
Tar, 1756, in which the 
Prussian king, with a 
feeble assistance from 
Engl.md, battles against, 
a confederation of Aus- 
tria, Poland, Saxonj^ 
Russia, and Sweden. 
Wonderful successes at- 
tend him; and in 1763, at 
the Peace of Hubertsburg, 
Prussia is recognized as 
on 3 of the Great European 
Powers, Frederick then 
labors to retrieve his 
country's loss internally; 
commerce is revived and 
prosperity soon intro- 
duced. He dies in 1786, 
leaving a well filled 
treasury and a popula- 
tion of over six millions. 
Central Europe shares in 
the mental development 
of the 18th century; be- 
ing represented in sci- 
ence and philosophy by 
Kant, Galvani, and Her- 
schel; in music, by Han- 
del, Haydn, and Mozart; 
and iu poetry, by Schil- 
ler. The throne of Ger- 
many after Maria The- 
ressa, is occupied suc- 
cessively by Francis I., 
Joseph II., and Leo- 
pold II.; the latter being 
succeeded by Francis II. , 
1792. The year, 1796, 
marks the commence- 
ment of the Napoleonic 
Wars, conducted in Cen- 
tral Europe with glory 
for France. 1800 



CATHARINE II. 

Next to Peter the 
Great, Catharine II., as- 
cending the throne in 
1762, is mentioned as the 
most successful ruler of 
Russia. In a war with 
the Turks, she wins 
Crimea, thus gaining 
complete control over 
the Black Sea. She gains 
still more in the so-called 
Partition of Portland;'' 
which notwithstanding 
the spirit of its brave de- 
fender. Kosciusko, is 
divided among the "Roy- 
al Robbers," Russia, 
Prussia and Austria, 
1795. After a prosperous 
reign of thirty-four years, 
during which she greatly 
advanced the glory of 
Russian arms, Catharine 
dies, 1796, in the midst 
of her plans for the pos- 
session of Turkey. Her 
son, Paul, now becomes 
czar; being for a while 
exceedingly popular. 
But his weak and almost 
insane ideas, soon show 
the people his inability 
to rule the now powerful 
nation. 1800 



*There were three parti- 
tions made of this unfor- 
tunate country; one in 
1772 by Prussia, Austria, 
and Russia, another iu 
1792, by Prussia and Russia 
only. The last was made 
in 1795, when Poland was 
totally d»^stroyed. While 
many bitterly condemn 
this action, others look 
upon it as beneficial in 
brinsring Russia under the 
influence of Central Eu- 
ropean civilization. 



GREAT INVENTIONS. 

The war in India is 
conducted successfully 
for England by the great 
Clive, who gaines num- 
erous victories. Many 
shocking atrocities are 
committed by the rebel- 
lious natives, among these 
the dreadful tragedy 
of the Black Hole, 1756, 
causing the death of one 
hundred and twenty- 
three Englishmen. Later 
the celebrated Warren 
Hastings conducts the 
warfare.— Some of the 
great inventions that 
crown with glory the 
modern man, are made 
during this period. In 
England, the spinning- 
jenny, by . Hargreaves, 
1765; the spinning frame, 
by Arkwright, 1768; the 
mule-jenny, by Cromp- 
ton, 1775. Watt at this 
time makes his great ex- 
periments with steam. 
In America, Benjamin 
Franklin experiments 
with electricity, 1746; and 
Eli Whitney invents the 
cotton-gin, 1793.— In dis- 
coveries. Captain Cook 
discovers the Sandwich 
Islands in 1778; and Bass 
Slrait by Lieut. Flinders, 
1797.— In this century 
also, public libraries, 
clubs, co-operative so- 
cieties, and Sunday- 
schools are established. 
1800 



A 2 UNITED STATES. FRANCE. GREAT BRITAIN. 

From 1800 A. D. to 1825 A. D. 



WAR OF 1812. 

Adams is succeeded bj^ 
Thomas JeflFerson, 1801; 
and the principal mili- 
tary event in his admin- 
istration is the War with 
Tripoli whose corsairs 
cripple American com- 
merce. Commodore Pre- 
ble's achievements bring 
a treaty in 1805. This 
period marks rapid ma- 
terial and mental de- 
velopment Great in- 
dustries are nourished. 
Robert Fulton with his 
"Clermont." revolution- 
izes the navigation sys- 
tem, 1807; and the great 
dawn of American pro- 
gress commences. James 
Madison is inaugurated, 
1809, when the peace of 
the country is disturbed 
by a second war with 
England. This is caused 
by the latter's hindrance 
to commerce, and insults 
to the American flag. 
In this war the American 
navy is crowned with 
laurels by Hull, Decatur, 
Perry, and Mac enough; 
and the army by Brown, 
Scott, Jackson, and Har- 
rison. Peace is concluded 
at G^.ent, 1815; and com- 
merce again unrestrict- 
ed. Madison is succeed- 
ed by James Monroe, 
1817, who serves eight 
years, and during which 
Mississippi, Illinois, 

Alabama, Maine, and 
Missouri, are admitted 
into the Union. 1825 



NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, 

Napoleon, campaign- 
ing successfully in Egypt, 
leaves his army in com- 
mand of Kleber, and re- 
turns to France; where 
he finds the Directory dis- 
organized; and the coun- 
try in anarchy. A new 
government is institu ed, 
called the Consulate, with 
Napoleon first counsul. 
Having thus completely 
Cassarized the republic, 
he turns his attention 
toward the furtherance 
of his military schemes; 
strengthening the finan- 
ces by establishing the 
Bank of France, and 
gathering thousands into 
his army. War crowns 
him with success, and in 
a treaty at Luneville, 
Austria cedes France, 
Belgium and the west 
bank of the Nile. Na- 
poleon is then proclaim- 
ed First Counsul for life; 
and diligently introduces 
reforms; condensing the 
laws into the celebrated 
Code Napoleon. Wars 
again ensue in which 
Napoleon is more suc- 
cessful than ever. France 
crowns him emperor, 
italy, King, and the 
Rhine provinces. Protec- 
tor. But at l;i?t, reverses 
come, and in 1814, he 
ubdicaies, Louis XVIII., 
.•issuming the throne. 
Rallying again in 1815, 
Napoleon's hist hopes 
are ended by his defeat 
nt Waterloo, and he dies 
in banishment, 1821. 
France now enjoys peace 
under Louis XVIII., 
until his death in 1824. 

1825 



GEORGE IV 

In 1810, George III. is 
stricken with insanity, 
and the Prince of Wales, 
as regent, assumes the du- 
ties of the government. 
England during this 
period is engaged in al- 
most continual war.— 
War with America in 
which she is robbed of 
her crown as "Mistress of 
the Sea," and compelled 
to conclude a humiliat- 
ing treaty, 1814; war 
with France, which on 
the con rary, increases 
the glory of her arms; 
and her great generals, 
Wellington and Blucher, 
stain French war records 
with the galling Water- 
loo defeat, 1815. George 
III. dies in 1820, in the 
eighty-second year of his 
age, and the sixtieth of 
his reign, the longest and 
most memorable in the 
anaals of England. His 
son is now crowned as 
George IV. who through 
all his reign leads a life 
of the most licenfous 
f>nd profligate character. 
The domestic happiness 
of the English people . 
notwithstanding, in- 

creases, and the close of 
this period introduces an 
era of great reforms. 

1825 



Emerson says, "Eng- 
land is anchored at the 
t-ide of Europe, and right 
in the heart of the mod- 
ern world. The sea Avhich 
according to Vir^ril di- 
vided the poor Britons 
from the world, proves 
to be the ring of mar- 
riage with all nations. 
As America, Europe, 
and Asia lie, these Brit- 
ons have the best com- 
mercial position in the 
world." 



CENTRAL EUROPE. RUSSIA. MISCELLANEOUS. 43 

From iSoo A. D. to 1825 A. D. 



NAPOLEONIC WARS. 

In the year 180U, the 
army of Napoleon crosses 
the Alps, and enters the 
valley of the Po. Here 
the Austrians are met in 
a large force, and the 
bloody battle of Marengo 
is fought, 1800. This is 
followed in the same 
year by the defeat of the 
Austrians at Hohenlin- 
der. A peace is shortly 
afterward concluded, 
but broken again in 1805, 
when the combined Aus- 
trians and Russians are 
completely routed in the 
battle of Austerlitz. The 
year previous to this, 
with the formation oi the 
Conjederat ion of the Rhine, 
the German emperor re- 
signs the imperial crown, 
and assumes the title, 
Eyiiperor of A ustria. Prus- 
sia, under Frederick 
William III., is now 
drawn into th war, and 
the honors won by Fred- 
erick the Grea: are lost 
i.i the battles, Auerstadt 
and Jsn i, 1806. In the 
Treaty of TiUit., 1807,Prus- 
sia loses the provinces of 
Saxony, Westphalia, and 
Prussian Poland. Fran- 
cis of Austria again 
places a Inrge army in 
the field, but it is routed 
by Napoleon in the bat- 
tle of Wagram, 1809. 
Their loss is retrieved 
later, in the total defeat 
of Napoleon in the bat- 
tl • of Leipsic, 1813. After 
the victory at Waterloo, 
1815, a league, called the 
Holy Alliance, is formed 
iov the mutual protec- 
tion of the powers. 

1825 



NAPOLEONIC WARS. 

Paul is murdered in 
1801, and his son, Alex- 
ander!., placed on the 
throne. The czar incurs 
the displeasure of Na- 
poleon, regarding Rus- 
sia's trade with Eng- 
land. War results, and 
Napoleon leads a great 
army toward Moscow. 
He defeats the enemy at 
Borodino, and enters the 
city in triumph, 1812. 
But during the night 
Moscow is fired by the 
Russians, and the French 
compelled to make their 
retreat,-'" one of the most 
disastrous on record. 
Out of an army of five 
hundred thousand men, 
about one fifth return to 
France. Russia and her 
allies then invade 
France, and in 1814, 
Paris surrenders without 
a struggle. The reign of 
Alexander I. is a pros- 
perous one for Russia. 
Excepting war, all fet- 
ters are removed from 
industry; roads and 
canals are constructed; 
and schools and univer- 
sities established. Push- 
kin, the greatest of Rus- 
sian poets, adorns his 
age. The government 
and laws of his kingdom 
are administered in a 
thoroughly systematic 
manner He dies in 1825; 
well worthy of his title, 
Czar of A II the Russias. 
1825 

*Besides being harrassed 
by bodies of the enemy, 
the French w^ere compell- 
ed to endure all the suffer- 
ings of a Russian winter. 
It is estimated that 125,000 
perished in battle; 100,000 
died of hunger and cold; 
and 175,000 were taken 
prisoners. 



LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 

Independence and re- 
publicanism ia America 
in the 19th century, is 
not confined to the 
United States. Mexico, 
tired of Spanish rule, 
throws off the yoke and 
establishes a repub/ic, 
1820. In 1822, the Brazil- 
Hans declare their inde- 
pendence of Portugal, 
and establish an empire 
with Dom Pedro I., first 
emperor. Paraguay is 
at this time under the 
rule of Dr. Francia, as 
Dictator. A general 
movement in fjivor of 
liberty is inaugurated in 
the South American pro- 
vinces by the renowned 
Simon Bolivar, a native 
of Venezuela. One of 
these assumes the name, 
Bolivia, in honor of its 
defender, 1825.— During 
the career of Napoleon, 
Spain is a scene of con- 
tinual war and confus- 
ion. Ferdinand VII., 
son and successor of 
Charles IV., is deposed 
by the French and Joseph 
Bonaparte placed on the 
throne. The revolts con- 
tinue and in 1814, on the 
fall of Napoleon, Ferdi- 
nand is restored. But 
this does not bring peace 
to the kingdom. The 
king restores the horrible 
Court of Inquisition, ai.d 
the period between 1814 
and 1820 is called the 
Reign of Terror in Spain. 
These events give the na- 
tion a degraded position, 
among other powers; one 
from which she is to-day, 
seemingly, powerless to 
leave. 1825. 



_ The Court of Inquisi- 
tion was an institution 
early established by the 
Romish church, to try 
persons accused of hold- 
ing opinions contrary to 
the church doctrine. 



44 UNITED STATES. FRANCE. GREAT BRITAIN. 

From 1S25 A. D. to 1850 A. D. 



MEXICAN WAR. 

John Quincy Adams is 
elected president, 1825, 
and, after one term's ser- 
vice, succeeded by An- 
drew Jackson, 1829. Dur- 
ing the latter's adminis- 
tration a fierce Indian war 
is waged by the Indians 
under Black Hawk. His 
defeat by General Atkin- 
son restores peace, 1832. 
Another breaks out in 
1835, with the Seminoles, 
under Osceola, and is 
ended with considerable 
bloodshed. In 1837, the 
domestic interests of the 
country are greatly dis- 
turbed by P. financial cri- 
sis, known as the "Panic 
of '37." Martin Van 
.Buren serves as president 
until 1841, when the ex- 
ecutive power is given to 
William H. Harrison. 
During all these years the 
tide of foreign immigra- 
tion steadily pours in, 
and America assumes 
an enviable position 
among nations. Ameri- 
can statesmanship is 
exalted by Clay, Webster, 
Calhoun and Everett, 
and American inventive 
genius crowned by Morse 
with his electric tele- 
graph. Harrison dies in 
office, and John Tyler 
presides until 1845, when 
James K. Polk is elected. 
The Mexican War, con- 
cerning Texas, now 
occurs, in which Scott 
and Taylor completely 
vanquish the Mexican 
leader, Santa Anna. 
Peace is concluded in 
1848. Z.ichary Taylor is 
noxt elected president, 
but dies in 1850, and Mil- 
lard Fillmore takes the 
chair. 1860 



POLITICAL RKVOLUTIONS. 

Charles X., the succes- 
sor of Louis XVIII., for- 
getting the terrible lesson 
received by his predeces- 
sors, displays a desire for 
despotism. He disbands 
the Civic Guard, 1827, 
and in 1830 ordains the 
suspension of the liberty 
of the press, the dissolu- 
tion of the Chamber of 
Deputies, and the elec- 
tions to be made by pre- 
fects. These actions meet 
with prompt resistance. 
Ch'irles is deposed, and 
Louis Philippe, of the 
House of Orleans, electod 
king, 1830.— Two learned 
men belong to French 
history of this period; 
Arago, a distinguished 
astronomer, and Comte, 
a famous philosopher. 
Louis, though honest in 
his intentions, makes 
several false steps which 
bring popular feeling 
ag:nnst him. In 1848, a 
reform banquet being for- 
bidden by the govern- 
ment, on the day appoint- 
ed, open insurrection 
ensues in Paris. The 
people with their motto, 
—Liberty, Equality, iind 
Fraternity, barricade the 
streets, and Louis takes 
refuge in flight. A re- 
public is again proclaim- 
ed, but the new govern- 
ment is assailed by 
rioters. A terrible strug- 
gle breaks out in June, 
1848, when Paris is 
declared in a state of 
seige, and General Cav- 
aignac made Dictator. 
Sixteen thousand persons 
are destroyed before 
peace is restored. Louis 
Napoleon, nephew of 
Bonaparte, is now elected 
president for four years. 
1850 



ENGLISH REFORMS. 

The first step in these 
reforms is in the removal 
of grievous laws regard- 
ing the church of 
England, 1828. Next the 
Catholic question re- 
ceives attention . In Ire- 
la nd an association is 
organized called the 
Catholic Aasocialiim, head- 
ed by Daniel O'Connell; 
the object being to secure 
civil rights. O'Connell is 
elected to a seat in Par- 
liament, and through his 
earnest elforts a bill is 
passed giving the Catho- 
lics equal rights with 
Protestants, 1829. In 
1830 George dies and is 
succeeded by his brother, 
William, Duke of Clar- 
ence. The latter's reign 
is famous for the passage 
of the I'iirliariientary Re- 
form Bill, changing the 
order of representation 
in the government, 1832. 
The year 1833 is memora- 
ble for the abolition ot 
slavery in the British 
colonies, eight hundred 
thousand slaves receiving 
their freedom. Some 
great philosophers, sci- 
entists, and literary char- 
acters lived during the 
first half of the 18th cen- 
tury. To the first class 
belong Davy and Hamil- 
ton; to the second, Brew- 
ster; and to the third, 
Wordsworth, Scott, Cole- 
ridge, Campbell, Moore. 
Byron and Macaulay, 
Artists and inventors are 
Turner, Brunei and Ste- 
phenson. William is 
succeeded by the present 
ruler of England, Vic- 
toria, daughter of his 
brother, Edward, Duke 
of Kent. The principal 
event during this period 
of her reign is the repeal 
of the English Corn I.aics, 
1846. 1850 



CENTRAL EUROPE. RUSSIA. MISCELLANEOUS. 4 5 

From 1825 A.D. to 1850 A. D. 



GERMANY AND ITALY. 

After the Napoleonic 
wars, a union of the prov- 
inces is formed, called the 
Germanic Confederation: in 
which the common 
affairs of the states are 
regulated by a l>iet, or 
Parliament. Another 
step toward unification, is 
made in the gradual 
formation of the Zollve- 
rein, or Customs' Union, 
allowing free trade 
among the states. As a 
result of this, commerce 
is greatly increased. 
Science and art receive 
much attention, and 
popular education is en- 
courged. Among the 
great names belonging 
to the first half of the 
19th century in Central 
Europe, are those of 
Humboldt, Cuvier, and 
Hegel, philosophers and 
scientists; Thorwaldsen, 
Beethoven, Weber, Don- 
izetti, and Mendelssohn, 
artists; and, Richter, 
and Goeth, writers. 
After the deposing of 
Louis Philippi in France, 
1848, the republican 
spirit is manifested in 
Germany, An uprising 
ensues, and sharp con- 
flicts occur between the 
people and the soldiers. 
Frederick William IV., 
of Prussia, is obliged to 
grant a new constitution. 
A JS'aHonal Adsembly is con- 
voked, but unification is 
prevented by the jealou- 
sies between Prussia and 
Austria. Italy during 
this time becomes the 
prey of Austria, whose 
troops defeat Charles 
Albert, King of Sardinia, 
in 1849. Charles then 
abdicates, and is suc- 
ceeded by his son, Victor 
Emanuel II.; and the 
period closes leaving 
Italy in a very unsettled 
condition. 1850 



NICHOLAS. 

Nicholas ascends the 
throne on the death of 
his brother, Alexander; 
and proves a prince of 
great energy and deter- 
mination. In 1828 and 
1829, a war is conducted 
against Turkey, in which 
the Russians gain num- 
erous advantages. In 
1830,the Poles revolt, and 
their subjection is not 
accomplished without 
terrible bloodshed. With 
this, the last trace of 
nationality among these 
unfortunate people is 
obliterated. Under the 
autocratic rule of Nich- 
olas, the prosperity 
which marked the reigns 
of his predecessors, is 
continued. The natural 
resources of the kingdom 
are developed; railroads 
are constructed; and 
great industries fostered. 
1850 

Siberia belongs to Rus- 
sia; and its principal use 
is in being a place of 
banishment for govern- 
ment oflTenders After 
the division of Poland, 
the number of exiles was 
greatly increased. Many 
of the unhappy Poles 
whose only crime was at- 
tachment to their coun- 
try, were transported 
and made to drag out a 
miserable existence in 
the life of a convict. 
Society in Russia is di- 
vided into four great 
classes, the nobility, the 
clergy, the merchants 
and burghers, and the 
peasants. 



ARCTIC VOYAGES. 

A war commences be- 
tween Great Britain and 
China in 1839; caused by 
the Opium Traffic, British 
merchants being engaged 
in the contraband trade. 
Peace is concluded in 
1842, and China throws 
open the ports of Canton, 
Amoy, Foo-choo-foG, 
Ningpo and Shanghai. 
This breaks the seclusion 
which China for so long 
a period observed 
toward nations.— About 
this time, some excite- 
ment is manifested, with 
England principally, in 
the possibility of finding 
the Northuest Passage to 
India. Many expeditions 
are sent out. Parry, 
Ross, Back, and hers, 
make voyages. In 1845, 
Sir John Franklin leaves 
England, on a v yage 
and never returns; being 
lost with his party, in the 
Arctic Regions.* Consid- 
erable interest is shown 
in the investigation of 
unexplored countries. 
Africa receives the prin- 
cipal attention. Dr. 
Livingston commences 
his celebrated African 
Explorations by the dis- 
covery of Lake Ngami, 
1849. 1850 



*The interest felt in the 
fate of Franklin and his 
party, led many expedi- 
tions to the Polar Regions. 
Lady Franklin equipped 
four expeditions at her 
own expen^e. Two Ameri- 
can voyages under Dr. 
Kane, In 1850 and 1853, 
were made; and one in 
1855 in search of Kane. Dr. 
Rae in 1854, obtained the 
relics of Franklin's pnr'y 
from the Esquimaux, nnd 
they were pla< ed in Green- 
wich Hospital. 



4^ UNITED STATES. FRANCE. GREAT BRITAIN 

From 1850 A. D. to 1878 A. D. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 

Franklin Pierce pre- 
sides until 1857, then 
James Buchanan until 
1861. The latter is suc- 
ceeded by Abraham Lin- 
coln, whose election 
causes a secession of the 
Southern States, and the 
bloody Civil War, shak- 
ing the foundation of the 
republic. This fierce con- 
flict, commencing in 1861, 
and ending in 1865, set- 
tles forever the question 
of slavery in America; 
and its abolition, obliter- 
ates the only stain in 
American institutions. 
The war for the Union is 
conducted successfully 
by Grrant, Sherman, 
Burnside, McClellan, 
and other able generals, 
and for secession by 
Jackson, Lee, Beaure- 
guard, Johnston, and 
others. A melancholy 
event at the close of the 
war is the assassination of 
President Lincoln, whose 
ability in the hour of 
need, won the praise of 
all true patriots. An- 
drew Johnson assumes 
the duties of prjsident, 
and is succeeded, 18'3;>,by 
Ulysses Grant. The lat- 
ter serves eight years, 
and during th se, save 
the financial pani': of 
1873, great prosperity is 
enjoyed. In 1877, the 
present executive officer, 
Rutherford B. Hayes 
was elected. America 
now stands pre-eminent 
among nations. With 1 
over three million square I 
miles, and a population I 
of over forty millions, 
she is ever iuiproviagthe 
advantages of a FroeGov- 
ernment. She has long 
silenced the ominous pro- 
phesies of the East, and 
commences her .-econd 
century with Repuhlican- 
ism stamped upon her 
every feature. 1878 



THE FRENCH REPUBLIC. 

Disagreeing with the 
Assembly, the ambitious 
Louis determines upon 
the sovereignty of France, 
and, (in 1851) by a coup 
d'etat, the government is 
placed in his hands, and 
all resistance put down 
by soldiery. Louis is 
next proclaimed emper- 
or, 1852, with the title of 
Napoleon III.; being 
crowned with grea t splen- 
dor at Notre Dame. In 
the European wars of this 
nge, Louis plays an im- 
portant part. He joins a 
league against Russia in 
the Crimean War, 1854, 
and becomes the ally of 
Sardinia, in a war be- 
tween the latter and 
Austria, 1859. The last 
and greatest war is 
known as the Franco- 
Prussian War, ending 
very disastrously for 
Napoleon III. He is de- 
posed by his people, and 
dies in England. Peace 
is concluded in 1871, in 
which France loses the 
provinces of Alsace and 
Lorraine, and is compell- 
ed to pay an indemnity 
of five billion francs. 
After the overthrow of 
Napoleon, a republic is 
again proclaimed, and 
M. Thiers, a noted states- 
man, made president. 
The government of 
Fr,inc3 is now under the 
aduii'iistration of Presi- 
d:int Mc.Mahon, who was 
ebcted in 1873. The 
country is enjoying pros- 
perity. Among her wri- 
ters and artists are Victor 
Hugo, Offenbach, and 
GustnveDore. The area 
of Fr.ince in the census 
of 1872 was 204,092 square 
miles; population 36, 102,- 
921. 1878 



VICTORIA. 

The Chartist--' agitation 
of 1848, caused some ex- 
citement;butit soon sub- 
sided. England, under 
Victoria, is, and has 
been, making great in- 
ternal improvement. 
Excepting rebellions in 
distant provinces, and the 
Crimean War, 1854, she 
has enjoyed all the bless- 
ings of peace. The re- 
form spirit still manifests 
itself in the action of the 
government. In 1867 a 
bill passes in Parliament, 
greatly extending the 
right of franchise. In 
1869 and 1870, some im- 
portant changes are 
made in Ireland, through 
the able ministry of Mr. 
Gladstone. Intellectu- 
ally, England is not in- 
ferior to other na- 
tions. John S. Mill, 
philosopher (1806-1873), 
and Thackeray (1811- 
1363), Charles Dickons 
(1812-1870), and Alfred 
Tennyson (1809—); the 
latter, now Poet Laureate 
of England, are among 
the writers of this age. 
England's India possess- 
ions are to her, a source 
of power and wealth, and 
at present, she rules over 
two hundred thousand 
people in Hindostan. 
She has colonial possess- 
ions in Eurupe, America, 
Asia, Africa and Aus- 
tralia. According to the 
latest official statements 
and estimates, the num- 
ber of square miles in the 
British Empire is 8,613,- 
343; and the population 
285,480,500 . 1S78. 

*The Chartists demand- 
ed six changes in th" Con- 
stitution. — ]. Universal 
suffrage, 2. Vote by Ual- 
lot; 3. Annual Parlia- 
ments; 4. Ele(-'tor u dis- 
tricts; 5. The abolition ol' 
property qualihcation for 
members; 6. Payment ut 
representatives. 



CENTRAL EUROPE. RUSSIA. MISCELLANEOUS.47 

From 1S50 A. D. to 1S78 A. D. 



FRANCO — PRUSSIAN WAR. 

Through the influence of 
Count Cavour, prime min- 
ister to Victor Emanuel, 
France is induced to join 
Sardinia in war against 
Austria, 1859; and in the 
great battles of Magenta 
and Solferina, 1859. 
The Austrians are de- 
feated. Peace is con- 
cluded at Villafranea, in 
which Austria cedes part 
ofLombardy to Sardinia; 
and in 1860, Tuscany, 
Modeua, Parma, and 
Roraagna, are placed 
under the government of 
Emanuel. The same 
year, Joseph Garibaldi 
defeats the King of Na- 
ples and establishes a 
provincial government 
under the King of Sar- 
dinia. Next follows the 
invasion of the Papal 
States, and in 1861, the 
uniftcatlon of Iluli/ is 
accomplished; Victor 
Emanuel made king by 
the Italian Parliament. 
A Six Weeks' n<ir, be- 
tween Prussia and Aus- 
tria, 1866, is followed by 
the Franco- Prusaian War; 
caused by the succession 
of the Spanish throne. 
Under the ministry of 
Otto von Bismarck, and 
the generalship of von 
Moltke; Prussia's arms 
are crowned with suc- 
cess. After the battles 
of Weissenberg, Worth, 
Sedan, siege of Metz,and 
Paris, 1870 and 1871, the 
Treaty of Frankfort is con- 
cluded, 1871. All the 
states are again united, 
and 1871 dates the Restor- 
ation of the German Em- 
pire. It is now ruled by 
William I.; has in all, 
203,739 square miles, and 
in 1876 a population of 
42,729,554. 1878 



ALEXANDER II. 

The Crimean War is 
caused by the Czar wrest- 
ing the provinces of 
Moldavia and Wallachia 
from Turkey; this being 
looked upon by other na- 
tions, as a menace to the 
balance of power. The 
Sultan is joined by Eng- 
land, France, and the 
king of Sardinia; and the 
severe battles of Alma, 
and Inkerman, are prin- 
cipal victories of the al- 
lies, 1854. The siege of 
Sebiistopol, commencing 
in October, 1854, contin- 
ues three hundred and 
forty-nine days, when 
the place is evacuated by 
the Russians. Peace is 
proclaimed in 1856. Dur- 
ing this war, Nicholas 
dies, and is succeeded 
by his son, Alexander II. 
After the war is ended, 
Alexander's whole atten- 
tion is turned toward 
bettering the condition of 
his people, and a very 
important step in this 
direction is the emanci- 
pation of the serfs of the 
crown. In 1867 Russia 
sells the territory of Alas- 
ka, containing 577,390 
square miles, to the 
United States for 

$7,200,000. The late 
Turko-Russian War, com- 
mencing in 1877, was 
caused by Turkish cruel- 
ty towards Christians; 
whose condition the Czar 
determined to improve. 
The Russian armies have 
been victorious, but 
peace is not yet securely 
established. Alexander 
II. Emperor and Auto- 
crat of all the Russias, 
has dominion over 8,391,- 
832 square miles of terri- 
tory, on Avhich there are 
86,586,014 inhabitants. 

1878 



AUSTRALIA. 

Australia, until this 
time used only as a place 
of banishment for English 
convicts, and almost un- 
known to other nations, 
is suddenly transformed 
into a populous country 
by the discovery of its 
gold fields, 1851. Though 
the real discovery was 
made prior to this date, 
it marks public knowl- 
edge of Australia's rich- 
es. Immigrants pour in 
from all parts of the 
world, and in a few years 
the island's population 
is swelled from a few 
hundreds into many 
thousands.— In 1857, In- 
dia becomes the scene of 
wild confusion and dis- 
order, caused by a mutiny 
in the Bengal army. 
Massacres of the most 
brutal character are com- 
mitted. Delhi is taken, 
and its native king pro- 
claimed emperor by the 
insurgents. The mutiny 
is quelled by Sir Colin 
Campbell, and in 1858, 
the existence of the East 
India company is ended 
by act of Parliament. 
Queen Victoria was pro- 
claimed Empress of In- 
dia at Delhi, 1877— 

The earth is now inha- 
bited by about 
1,380,000,000 people; viz.; 

380,000,000 Caucasians. 

580,000,000 Mongolians. 

200,000,000 Ethiopians. 

220,000,000 Malays. 
1,000,000 Am. Indians 



48 STATISTICS OF THE WORLD. 



Country. 



NORTH AMERICA, 

Arctic Region 

Bermuda 

Columbia (Brit.) 

Costa Rica • . 

Greenland 

Guatemala 

Honduras 

Honduras (Brit.) .. . 

Mexico 

Mosquito 

New Britain 

New Brunswick 

Newfoundland 

Nicaragua 

Nova Scotia 

Ontario 

Prince Edward Island — 

Quebec 

San Salvador 

St. Pierre 

United States 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

Argentine Confederacy. . ■ 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Cayenne 

Chili 

Columbia 

Demarara, etc 

Ecuador 

Falkland Isles 

Par.igu.iy 

Patagonia 

Peru 

Surinam 

Uruguay .•... 

Venezuela 

WEST INDIES. 

Antiqua 

Bahamas 

Barbadoes 

Bermudas 

Curacoa 

Cuba 

Dominica 

Grenada 

(xujidaloupe, etc 

Hayti 

Jamaica 

Martinique. . . . . . 

Moiiserrat 

NevLs 

Porto Rico 

St. I3irtholomew's. 

St. ' 'hristopher, etc — 

St. Johns 

St. Lucia 



Square 

Miles. 



600.000 

46 

230,000 

16.250 

380,00) 

44.778 

47,092 

13,500 

773,144 

26,0'JO 

1,800.000 

27,720 

40,200 

58 16J 

19,630 

180,000 

2,173 

210,000 

7,23J 

120 

3,578,392 

826,828 

5;35,760 

3,231,047 

30,000 
139,333 
a56,l79 

76.000 
218,984 
7.600 
126,352 
315,000 
510,107 

38,500 

66,716 
426,712 

183 

3,021 

166 



Population 



580 

43,383 

290 

133 

534 

11,718 

6,400 

322 

47 

50 

3,895 

25 

103 

72 

250 



12,000 

5:,';j ) 

150 UJO 

1 •,) .0 

1,1oU,jOO 

ooO,\)Q'') 

25,(3:^6 

8.743,614 

16,000 

20U,0ja 

28.5.777 

146,536 

4U0,000 

387,000 

1 620 842 

93,338 

1,190,505 

750,000 

2,250 

40,000,0v.0 

1,800,000 
l,9S7,;i52 
11,780,000 
27.5t)0 
2,084,945 
2,794,470 ! 

148,900 
1,040,371 i 

686 
1,337,4U 

r20,0J0 

1,374,0 ,0 

64,2:0 

387,421 
1,565,000 

36,412 

35,287 

152,127 

11, 7 W 

3O,'.O0 

1,500,030 

■ 26.882 

36,672 

l;M,544 

.572,000 

441,255 

121,145 

7,645 

9,822 

620.000 

10,000 

26,940 

3,000 

29.519 



Title of Ruler. 



Governor. 

Governor. 

President. 

I'lspector. 

President. 

President. 

Lt. Gov. 

President. 

King. 



Lt. Gov. 
(iovernor. 
President. 
Lt. Gov. 
L . Gov. 
Lt. Gov. 
Lt. Gov. 
President. 
Com. 
President. 

President. 

President. 

Emperor. 

Governor. 

President. 

President. 

Governor. 

President. 

Governor. 

President. 

President. 
Governor. 
President. 
Preside it 

Governor. 
Governor, 
(iovernor. 
Governor. 



I C.ipt. Gen. 
i Lt. Gov. 
I Lt. Gov. 



President. 
C.ipt. Gen. 

President. 
Administrator. 
C.ipt. Gen. 



Lt. Gov. 
Administrator. 



STATISTICS OF THE WORLD. 49 



Country. 



WEST INDIES. 

St. Martin's (s.) 

St. Thomas 

St. Vincent 

San Domingo ■ 

Santa Cruz, etc 

Tobago 

Trinidad 

Turk's Island 

Virgin Islands. 

EUROPE. • 

Andorra 

Austria 

Belgium 

Denmark . 

Faroe and Iceland 

France 

Germany 

NORTHERN CONFEDERATION. 

Anhalt 

Bremen 

Brunswick 

Hamburg 

Hesse Darnstadt, (n.) 

Lippe Detaiold 

Lippe Schaumburg 

Lubeek . 

Mecklenburg Schwerin 

Mecklenburg Strelitz 

Oldenburg 

Prussia 

ReussGreiz 

Reuss Schleiz 

Saxe Altenburg 

Saxe Colburg Gotha 

Saxe Meiningen 

Saxe Weimar 

Saxony 

Schwarzb Rudolstadt 

Swarzb Sondershausen 

Waldeck 

SOUTHERN CONFEDERATION. 

Biden 

Biv.irii 

Hi\sse Darnstadt (s.) 

Lichtenstein 

Wurtemburg 

Great Britain 

Gibralter 

Heligoland 

Malta 

Greece 

Ionian Islands 

Italy 

Monaco 

Netherlands 

Luxenburg 

Portugal 



Square 
Miles. 



11 

37 
131 

18,000 

81 

97 

1.754 

450 

57 

149 
240,381 
11,373 
14,734 
40,258 
20,402 



1,026 

74 

1,42.5 

156 

1,280 

438 

171 

107 

5,190 

1,052 

2,469 

136,806 

145 

320 

510 

760 

956 

1,404 

5,779 

374 

332 

433 

5,912 

29,373 

1,690 

62 

7,532 

120,769 

2 



115 

18,347 

1,006 

114,389 

15 

12,685 

991 

36 494 



Population 



3,500 
13,463 
31,755 
136,500 
35,000 
15,410 
84.438 
4,372 
0,051 

12,000 

35,677.455 

4,984,451 

1,608,362 

75,909 

36,102,921 



197,041 

109.572 

302,792 

305,196 

257,479 

111,^52 

31,186 

48,538 

560,618 

98,770 

315,622 

24,039,668 

43 889 

88,097 

141,426 

168,851 

180,3135 

282,928 

2,423,401 

75,116 

67,583 

56,807 

1,434,970 

4,824,521 

565.6 J J 

8,320 

1,778,3J6 

31,817,108 

24,175 

2,300 

143,003 

l,0fJ6.8 J 

2.:)1,71'; 

25,766,2i7 

1,887 

3,829,070 

199,958 

3,829,618 



Title of Ruler. 



Lt. Gov. 
President. 

Lt. Gov. 
Governor. 
President. 
President. 

Rep. 

Emperor. 
King. 
King. 

President. 



Duke. 

Burgom. 

Duke. 

Burgom. 

G. Duke. 

Prince. 

Prince. 

Burgom. 

G. Duke. 

G. Duke. 

G. Duke. 

King. 

Prince. 

Prince. 

Duke. 

Duke. 

Duke. 

G. Duke. 

King. 

Prince. 

Prince. 

Prince. 

G. Duke. 

King. 

G. Duke. 

Prince. 

King. 

Queen, 

Governor. 

Governor. 

Governor. 

King. 



King. 

Prince. 

King. 



King. 



50 STATISTICS OF THE WORLD. 



Country. 



SOUTHERN CONFEDERATION. 

Azores and Madeira 

Russia (Proper.) 

San Marino 

Spain 

Sweden 

Norway 

Sitzerland 

Turkey 

Montenegro 

Roumania 

Servia 



ASIA. 



Anam • . 

Arabia 

Borneo 

British India . 

Burmah 

Ceylon 

China 

Japan 

Java 

Persia 

Siam 

Tartary 

Turkey in Asia. 



Abyssinia 

Algeria 

Cape of Good Hope. 

Egypt 

Gambia 

Gold Coast 

Liberia. 

Madagascar 

Morocco 

Natal 



Sierra Leone . 
St. Helena... 

Tripoli 

Tunnis 

Zanzibar . . . 



AUSTRALIA. 

New South Wales 

Queensland 

South Australia 

Tasmania 

Victoria 

Western Australia 

POLYNESIA. 

Feejee Islands 

New Guinea 

•New Zealand 

Philippine Islands 

Sandwich Islands 

Society Islands 



Square 
Miles. 



1,483 

7,862,568 

22 

195,607 

128,776 

120,295 

15,722 

131,295 

1,709 

46,710 

21,218 

198,043 

1,026,040 

300,000 

1,545,336 

190,517 

24,454 

4,695,334 

149,399 

51,336 

562,344 

309,024 

640,516 

660,870 

148,392 

259,313 

200,610 

659,081 

21 

6,000 

9,567 

232,315 

672,300 

16,150 

468 

47 

61,760 

50,000 

1,600 

323,437 
678,600 
'383,328 
26,215 
86,831 
978,000 

8,033 

275,518 

106,261 

56,000 

7,633 

700 



Population 



363,638 

78,400,000 

5,770 

16,302,625 

4,158.7o7 

1,712,628 

2,510,494 

10,510,000 

1962,38 

3,864,848 

1,078,281 



9,000, 

4,000, 

25,000, 

192,012, 

4,000, 

2,081, 

477,500, 

35,000, 

14,168, 

11,000. 

6,298, 

7,870, 

16,463, 



Title of Ruler. 



3,000,000 
2,921,846 

566.158 

7,465,000 

6,939 

262,000 

715,500 
5.000,000 
2,750,000 

193,103 

41,497 

6,444 

750,000 
2,000,000 

380,000 

447,620 
] 09,897 
176,293 

98,455 
703.817 

21,065 

200,000 
1,000,000' 
220,092- 
2,250,000 
62,959 
15,000 



Czar. 

Repub. 

Repub. 

King. 



President. 

Sultan. 

Prince. 

Prince. 

Prince. 

Emperor. 



Gov. Gen. 

Comm. 

Governor. 

Emperor. 

Mikado. 

Gov. Gen. 

Shah. 

King. 



Emperor. 

Gov. Gen. 

Governor. 

Viceroy. 

Administrator. 

Administrator. 

President. 

Queen. 

Sultan. 

Lt, Gov. 

Governor. 

Goveruoi. 

Bey. 

Bex . 

bult:;n. 



Governor. 
Capt. Gen, 
Governor. 
Governo^r, , 
Capt. Gep. V) 
G yvornpr. ^ • 

King., . ; ./ 

Governor. ' 



King, 
Queen. 



INDEX. 



Fr. & Sp. used for France & Spain. Eng.&Sco.used fo^ England &Sc^^^^^^^ 



Am. 
Egt. 
Sar. 
Gr. 
Eas, 
Mis. 



America. 
'« " Egypt. 
" " Saracens. 
" " Greece. 
Em. " " Eastern Empire. 
" " Miscellaneous. 

Column. Page. 

Assyria • I 

Astyages Per 

Aristides Gr 

Artimisia ■ Per 

Artaxerxes Per 

Ariaspes ..■• - - ^"^ 

Alexander, the Great. Per 

Appelles Gr 

Aristotle Gr 

Arebella, Battle of. . - Per 

Archimedes Rom — 

Ai-atus ^r 

Antony, Mark Uom... 

Actium, Bittle of Rom. . . 

Agrippa, Marcus Rom . • • 

Ambrose Rom... 

Augustine Rom ... 

Arcadius Rom 

Alaric Rom... 

Augustulus Rom... 

Alexandria Sar 

Alfred, the Great ng... 

Athelstan Eng .. 

Arnold Cen.E 

Abdalrahman . . Sar . 

Alexius ^en-S 

Albert ?,«."• ^ 

Alhambra W'^ W 

Angelo, Michael. Cen.E 

Ariosto Cen.E. 

Aviles Am ... 

Australia Mis .. 

Andross, Edmund j^^-n 

Annie, Queen G. Br 

Addison ^- ^V 

Aix-la-Chapelle Cen. E 

Abo. Peace of . . iNor. E 

American Revolution. Am • ■ 
Adams, John Am • • . 



Nor. E. 
Cen. E 
Rom. 
Car. 
Rus. 



Northern Europe. 
Central Europe. 
Rome. 
Carthage. 
Russia. 



3 

5 

5 

5 

7 

5 

7 

7 

7 

8 

9 

11 

11 

12 

U 

U 

U 

14 

U 

17 

18 

18 

19 

, 19 

, 21 

, 25 

27 

, 31 

. 31 

. 32 

. 35 

. 36 

38 

. 38 

. 39 

. 39 

. 40 

. 40 



Antoinette. Marie Fr 

Ancients, Council of. . Fr 
Arkwright ... 



Column. Page. 
Austerlitz, Battle of. Cen E . • . . 4-> 

Auerstadt. Battle of. Cen E 4-^ 

Alexander I Rus^ f 

Adams, John Q U. S 44 

Atkinson, Gen U. S 44 

Arago Fr 44 

African Explor ^^ Mis 4o 

American Civil War. U. S 46 

Alexander II Rus 47 

AlmaBattleof Rus 47 

Alaska Rus 47 

Australia Mis 47 

Brennus Rom 4 

Beneventum, Battle of.Rom b 

Bagoas P^r 7 

Bessus P^^r 7 

Berenice Egt 10 

Brutus Rom 11 

Belisarus R >iu lo 

Becket, Thomas.. Eng . . ■ 22 

B.ieon, Roger Eng. it S-o. 24 

Bruce, Robert Eng. & Sc-o. 26 

BalioUJohn Eng. ^bco. 24 

Baldwin Hen. E ^ • 2& 

Bhxck Prince E g. & Sco. 26 

Bajazet Mis 27 

Koccacio Mis .^ . ^i 

Barnet, Battle of Eng. & Sco. 28 

Bosworth, Battle of. • . Eng. & Sco. 28 

Balboa... Am ■■■ -30 

Bayard, Chevalier Fr. & Sp .. 30 

Boleyn, Annie Eng. & fcco. 30 

Bartholomew, Massa 



ere of 



Fr. & Sp 



30 



Bourbon, House of. Fr. & Sp . 32 

Bacon, Francis Eng. & Sco. 32 

Baltimore, Lord Am 34 

Biffin, William Mis v, • ' -^ 

Bnssuet. Fr. & Sp . • 3b 

Boileau Fr. & Sp • 3b 

Barebone'sParliamentG. Br 



G. Br. ' '. '. '. . '. 40 I Butler G.Bv. 



B6 



INDEX. 



Column. Page. 

Bunyan, John Gr. Br 36 

Bill of Rights G.Bt 36 

Buffon ¥r 40 

Burgoyne G.Br 40 

Burke, Edmund U Br 40 

Bums; Robert (x. Br 40 

Brindley . G.Br 40 

Bentham ..G.Br. 40 

Black Hole Mis 41 

Bass Strait. Mis 41 

Brown, Gen U. S 42 

Bonaparte, Napoleon. .Fr 42 

Bank of Fra ce Er 42 

Blucher G.Br 42 

Borodino, Battle of . Rus 43 

Brazil Mis 43 

Bolivar, Simon Mis 43 

Bonaparte, Joseph Mis 43 

Black Hawk U. S 44 

Brewster, David G. Br 44 

Brunei G. Br 44 

Beethoven Cen. E 45 

Back Mis 45 

Buchanan, James U. S 46 

Burnside, Gen ...U. S 46 

Beaureguard U . S 46 

Bismarck Cen. E 46 

Bengal Rebellion Mis 47 

Chaldea 1 

Carthage 1 

Cambyses • Per 3 

Cyrus, the Great .. ...Per — 3 

Croesus Per 3 

Coriolanus Rom 4 

C.incinnatus Rom 4 

Claudius Rom 4 

Cimon Gr 5 

Gunaxa, Battle of Per 5 

Camillas Rom 6 

Chaeronea, Battle of . Gr 7 

Cato, the Censor. Rom 8 

Cannoe, B.ittle of . ... Car 9 

Cleopatra Egt 10 

Caesar, Julius Rom.' 11 

Cataline Rom 11 

Crassus Rom 11 

Cicero Rom 11 

Cassius Rom 11 

Catullus Rom 12 

Caligula Rom... 12 

Cfaudina Rom 12 

Constantine, the Great. Rom 13 

Chrysostom . Rom 14 

Clovis Fr 16 

CqIossus Sar 17 

Charlemagne Fr 18 

Charles, the Bald Fr 18 

Charles, the Simple. .. Fr 18 

Coprad Cen. E 19 

Capet, Hugh Fr 20 



Column. Page. 

Ganute Eng 20 

Conmore, Malcolm Eng 20 

Conrad III Cen. E 23 

Chivalry Mis 23 

Charles IV Fr 26 

Crecy, Battle of Fr 26 

Charles V, Fr 26 

Charles VI — Fr 26 

Chaucer Eng 26 

Compass, the Mis 27 

Charles VII Fr. &Sp....28 

Charles VIII Fr & Sp 28 

Cade, Jack Eng. & Sco. 28 

Constance, Council of. .Cen. E 29 

Columbus, Christopher Mis 29 

Cabots.John <fe Sebas- 
tian Mis 28 

Cortez Am 30 

Charles V .... • Fr. &Sp.... 30 

Crespy, Peace of. .Fr. & Sp. . . . 30 

Cabiis Fr. &Sp.... 30 

Church of England.... Eng. & Sco. 30 

Cranmer Eng. & Sco. 30 

Copernicus Cen. E. . 31 

Christian III Nor. E 31 

Ceylon Mis 31 

Cervantes Fr. &Sp.... 32 

Calvanists Cen. E 33 

Charles I .Eng. & Sco. 34 

Conde Cen. E 35 

Christian IV Nor. E 35 

Clarendon Am 36 

CorneiUe Fr. & Sp • • 36 

Cromwell, Olivar Eng. & Sco. 36 

Charles II , .Eng. & Sco. 38 

Christina Nor. E 37 

Culloden, Battle- of. G, Br, 38 

Charles XII Nor. E 39 

Cornwallis, Lord G. Br 40 

Catharine II Rus 41 

Clive Mis 41 

Crompton Mis . 41 

Cotton Gin Mis 41 

Cook, Captain Mis 41 

Consulate, The ... Fr 42 

Confederation of the 

Rhine. Cen. E... 43 

Clay. Henry U. S 44 

Calhoun. John. .U. S 44 

Charles X Fr 44 

Comte . . . Fr 44 

Cavaignac, Gen Fr 44 

Catholic Association G. Br 44 

Coleridge . G. Br 44 

Campbell G. Br .44 

Com Laws G. Br .44 

Cuvier Cnn. E ... 45 

China Mis 45 

Chartists G. Br 46 

Cavour, Count Cen. E 47 



INDEX. 



CoLUMX. Page. 

Crimean War Rus • 47 

Campbell, Sir Colin .... Mis 47 

Diana, Temple of Rom '2 

Draev (ir 3 

Darius for 7 

Decius Rom 6 

Demostlienes Ur 7 

Diogenes ..(ir 7 

Dunstan Eng 18 

Dante . •• Cen. E 25 

D'Albret Fr. Sc Sp ... 28 

Diaz, Bartholomeu Mis 29 

De Soto, Ferdinand — Am ,30 

Diet of Worms Cen. E 31 

DietofSpires Cen. E 31 

Dures Con. E 31 

Drake, Francis Eng. «fe Sco. 32 

Darnley, Lord Eng. & Sco. 32 

Davis' Strait Mis . . .33 

Day, Stephen .Am 34 

Descartes Fr. & Sp 34 

Dryden John G. Br. 36 

DdRuyter C^n. E 37 

De Kilb Am . . ..40 

D'Alembert Fr 40 

Danton Fr 40 

Dii-ectory Fr 40 

Decatur, Com U. S 42 

Dom Pedro Mis 43 

Davy, Humphrey Gr. Br 44 

Donizetti Cen. E 45 

Dore, Grustave Fr 46 

Dickens G. Br 36 

Euripides Gr 5 

Epaminondas Gr 7 

Egbert Eng 18 

Ethalvvolf Eng 18 

Ethebald . Eng 18 

Ethelred Eng 18 

Ethelbert , Eng 18 

Edmund Eng 18 

Edred Eng 18 

Edwy Eng 20 

Edgar Eng 20 

Edward I Eng 24 

Edward III Eng. ... 26 

EdwardlV Eng. .t Sc-o 28 

E irl of Warwick Eng. & Sco. 28 

Edward VI Eng. & Sso. 30 

Elizabeth, Queen Encr. & Sco. 32 

E.ist India Company . . Mis . . . 33 

Edict of Nantes Fr&Sp.... 34 

Eleanora Nor. E 39 

Everett, Edward U. S 44 

English Reforms G. Br. 44 

First Triumvirate Rom 11 

First Crusade Fr 20 

Feudalism Mis 21 

Frederick Barbarossa. Cen. E i3 

Falkirk, Battle of Eng 24 



COULMN. PaGE.> 

Frederick II Cen. E 25 

Furst Cen. E 27 

Ferdinand Fr. &Sp.... 28 

Frederick III Cen. E 29 

Faust, John Cen. E 29 

Francis I Fr. & Sp • . -30 

Flodden Field, Battle ofEng. & Sco. 30 

Francis II Fr. & Sp . . . . 32 

Fenelon Fr. & Sp. . . . 36 

Fontainbleau Nor. E 37 

Fielding G. Br 38 

Frederick III Cen. E 39 

Frederick William Cen. E 39 

First Silesian War ....Cen.E ^ 

French & Indian War. .Am ,. . 40 

Franklin, Benjamin. . .Am 40 

Five Hundred, Council 

of Fr 40 

Frederick the Great Cen. E 41 

Francis II Cen. E 41 

Fulton, Robert U. S 42 

Frederick William III Cen. E 43 

Francia, Dr Mis 43 

Ferdinand VII Mis 43 

Filmore, Millard ..U. S 44 

Frederick William IV. Cen. E .... 45 

Franklin, Sir John Mis 45 

French Republic. Fr 46 

Franco-Prussian War.. Cen. E 47 

Frankfort, Peace of. ...Cen. E 47 

Granicus, B.ittle of. . . Per 7 

Grachus, Caius & Tibe- 

^ rius Rom 11 

Gralba Rom 12 

(Valerius Rom 13 

Gregory, Nazienzen Rom 14 

Gregory, Pope Fr 20 

Godfrey of Bouillon... Fr 20 

Gisors, Battle of Fr 22 

Guiscard, Roger Cen.E 23 

Genghis Khan Mis 25 

Garter, Order of Eng 26 

(iessler Cen. E 27 

Guelphs Cen.E . ..27 

Ghibellines Cen. E 27 

G .Iden Bull Cen. E 27 

Guttenburg, John Cen.E 29 

Good Hope, Cape of . . . . Mis 29 

Gama, Vascade — Mis 29 

Gust.ivus Vasa Nor. E 31 

Gilbert, Humphrey ...Am 32 

Grey, Lady Jane Eng. & Sco. 32 

Galileo Cen. E 33 

Gunpowder Plot Eng. & Sco. 34 

Gustavus Adolphus Nor. E 35 

Garibaldi, Joseph Cen. E 47 

George I G. Br 38 

George II ... G.Br 38 

Green, Gen Am 40 

Gullotine Fr 40 



INDEX. 



COI.IMN. PaGK. 

George III G.Br 40 

Gains orough G. Br AJ 

Gibbon, EJw^ird G.Br 40 

Goia<iurtli .. G Br .... - 40 

Galvaui Cen. E ,.- 41 

Ghent, Peace of ...U S -- ^ . 42 
George IV — G. Br - - . , - 4.: 

Germanic Confed Cen . E ■ - ,.. 45 

Goeth Cen E ... 45 

Gladstone G.Br 4ii 

Grant, Ulysses U. S 4o 

Hostilius, Julius . . Rom ...'.. 2 

Horatius .. Rom 4 

Herodotus Gr , . 5 

Hamik-ar. Car 9 

Hannibal . Car .:. 9 

Hasdrubal Rom ..^. 8 

Herculaneum Rom. . . .'.'.... 12 

Honorius Rom 14 

Hengist Eng 16 

Horsa ..' Eng 16 

Henry, the Fowler Cen. E ....:. 19 

Haroun Al Raschid Sa 19 

Henry I .> Fr ... 20 

Harold II Eng ;..:20 

Hastin--, B.ittle of Eng. ....... .'20 

Henry III Cen. E 21 

Henry IV ..; Cen. E....;.. 21 

Henry I Eng.. l. 22 

Henry II Eng 22 

Henry V Cen. E. ...... 23 

Hanseatic Leasue Cen E.-ji- 23 

Henry the Sharp Cen. E...... 23 

Hapsburg, House of . . Cen. E . 25 , 

Hundred Years' War. Fr 26 

Henry IV Eng 26 

Henry VII Cen. E ..27 

Hotspur Eng & ?co. 28 

Henry V Enfe. & Sod. 28 

Henry VI Eng. & Sco. 28 

Huss.John Cen. E ... 29 

Henry III Fr. & Sp .. 30 

Henry VIII Eng. A: Soo 30 

Holbein Cen. E ... 31 

Huffuenots .'. Fr. .k Sp .',.132 I 

Hnvkins Mis ..•..3] 

Henry IV Yr.&Sn . , 34 I 

Harvey, Dr .Eng. <k Seo; 34 

Hobbs Eng. «k Sc-o. .34 

Hudson Bay . Mis ., 35 

Horn. Cape Mis. .^.jSo 

Hmover, House of G Br .38 

Hane-oek, John Am 40 

Henry, Patrick Am 40 

Howe, Lord G Br 40 

Hnnie G. Br .40 

Hargreaves G. Br 40 

Hubertsbut-g, Peace of-Cen. E 41 

Herchel . . ..'. Cen. E 41 

Handel. Cen. E ,.-. 41 



COLIMX. P.VGE" 

Haydne Cen. E 41 

Hastings. Warren Mis 41 

Hull. Com U.S 42 

Harrison. Gen U. S 42 

lloheuliuden, Battle of.Cen. E 43 

Holy Alliance Cen E 43 

llimilton G. Br 44 

Humboldt ... Cen. E 45 

Hegel ...Cen.E 45 

Hayes, Rutherford. U.S 46 

Hugo, Victor Fr 46 

Issus, B.ittle of Per 7 

Inquisition, Court of .Fr 24 

Innoeeut, Pope Cen.E 25 

Isabella Fr, A: Sp. . . . 28 

India Mis 29 

Invincible Armada Fr. A' Sp 32 

Inkerman, Battle of Bus 47 

Jugurtha Rom 11 

Julian Rom .14 

Jerome . . Rom 14 

Justinian Eas. Em. . . . 17 

John Eng. 24 

Joan of Are Fr. JcSp... 28 

Japan Mis 31 

Jamestown Am .34 

James I Eng. JL- Sco. 34 

Jonson Eng. A" Sco. 34 

James II G. Br 36 

Jefferson, Thomas Amer 40 

Johnson G. Br 40 

Jackson, Gen U.S. 42 

Jena. B.ittle of Cen.E 43 

Jackson, Stonewall U. S. 46 

Johnston, Gen U. S. ...46 

Johnson , Andrew U. S. 46 

Kno.x, John Eng. & Sco. 32 

Kepler Cen. E 35 

King Philip's War Am 36 

King William's War. Am 36 

King George's War Am 38 

Kidd, Captain 'm 36 

Kant Cen. E 41 

Kosciusco Rus 41 

Kleber Fr 42 

Kane, Dr Mis 45 

Lycurgus Gr 3 

Laws of the Twelve Ta- 
bles Rom .. .. 4 

Leonidas Gr 5 

Licinian Law Rom 6 

Lysander Gr 7 

Lepidus Rom ''■■ . 11 

Livy Rom 12 

Lucretius Rom 12 

Leo III .,. Eas. Em. . . . 17 

Lothair CenE...... 21 

Louis VI Fr 22 

Louis VII Fr , .... 22 

Louis Vm Fr ., 24 



INDEX. 



Column-. Page. 

Lombard, Peter Fr 24 

Lewes Battle of Eng 24 

Leo X Cen. E 31 

Luther, Martin Cen. E 31 

Long Parliament. Eng. & See. 34 

Lutzen, Battle of Xor. E 35 

La Salle Am -.36 

Louis XIV.. Fr. &Sp.... 36 

La Fontaine Fr. &Sp.... 36 

Leibnitz Cen. E ..... 37 

Louis XV Fr. &Sp.... 38 

Linnaeus Xor. E. 39 

Lee, Henry Am 40 

Lafiiyette Am ... 40 

Laplace Fr 40 

Lavoisier Fr 40 

Louis XVI Fr 40 

Luneville. Peace of Fr 42 

Louis VIII Fr 42 

Leipsic, Battle of Cen. E-.i.. 43 

Louis Philippe Fr 44 

Louis Xapoleon Fr ;... 44 

Living.'^ton. Dr Mis 45 

Lincoln, Abraham U. S .'. . 46 

Lee, Oen U. S 46 

Martins, Aneus Rom .'■■ .. 2 

Marathon, Battle of. . . .Gr 5 

Milti.ides Gr '.'.'. 5 

Mardonius Gr .'.4. 5 

Mycale, Battle of Gr 5 

Ma-as Eg't 6 

Mantinea, Battle of — Gr 7 

Marcellus Rom 8 

Metellus Gr 9 

Marlus Rom 11 

Midthridates .Rom 11 

Ma.ventius Rom ..' 12 

Maliomet Sar .-^ 17 

Martel, Charles Fr 16 

Ma^naCharta Eng 24 

Meletald Cen. E '.•27 

Mor-arten, Battle of. ...Cen. E .'27 

Margaret Mis 27 

Moors Fr. &Sp -.-''28 

Medieis Cen. E -.'29 

Mahomet II Cen. E .....-'29 

Ma.ximilian ' en. E . . I"." 29 

Montezuma Am .'. 30 

Ma-rellan Am . .. ... 30 

Mauielukes Mis 31 

Mohatz, Battle of Mis ..'... 31 

Montaign Fr. & Sp ... 32 

Mary, Bloody Eng. Ac Seo. 32 

Mary, Queen of Seots Eng. cfc Seo. 32 

Mazarin Fr. A; Sp . . 36 

Moliere Fr. ct Sp ". . . 36 

' Murilo Fr. A Sp- . . . 36 

Milton G. Br .... 36 

- Monteiquseu Fr 40 

Marat Fr 40 



I Column-. Pagr: 

! Mozart Cen. E 41 

Mule jenny Mis 41 

; Madison, James U; S 42 

; Maedonough, Com .U. S 42 

Monroe. James U. S 42 

Marengo, Battle of . - Cen. E i 43 

; Mosc w, Burning of . Rus — j.... 43 

; Mexico Mis . - •.'^.., 43 

Morse .. U. S .....!■ 4«t 

! Mexican War U. S ..=^...ii.44 

Macaulay G. Br f,.44 

Mendelsohn Cen . E'. . . . ..- 44 

Moore G. Br 44 

McClellan, Gen U. S 46 

Mill, John S G. Br 46 

Magenta, Battle of . . -Cen. E *7 

Moltke, Gen. von Cen. E — ..47 

Ximrod 1 

Nebuchadnezzar Eg't i 2 

Numa Rom 2 

Nicias, Peace of Gr 5 

Xero Rom 12 

Xewfoundland Mis 29 

Xero of the North Xor. E .. .31 

New Guinea Mis 31 

Xetherlands Cen. E 33 

Northwest Passage Mis .33 

Napier Eng. <t Seo. 34 

Xaseby, Bittle of Eng. & Seo. S4 

NewZ.-aland Mis ...So 

Navigation Act - . Am 36 

Nimeguen , P >ace of . . . Fr. it Sp — 36 

Newton. Sir Isaac G- Br ....36 

Narva, Bittla of Xor E 39 

Xelson, Lord G. Br 40 

Xile, Battle of G.Br ...40 

Napoleonic Wars. Cen. E 43 

Xational Assembly.. Cen. E 45 

Xicholas Rus 45 

Xapoloan III Fr 46 

Olympiad First Gr 3 

Oehus Per 5 

Octavius Rom ..-. 11 

Odoacer Rom 13 

Omar Sar j. 17 

Omen Sar ...17 

Oxford Eng . 18 

Otho, the Great Cen. E 19 

Otho IV Cen. E -.25 

Othman Mis 27 

Oliva. Peace of . Xor. E .... 37 

Offlethorpe .Am u . 38 

Ohio V.i Hey Claims - Am - - 38 

Oceola .. U. S 44 

Orleans, House of ir .44 

O'Connell, Daniel G. Br 44 

Opium Traffic Mis 45 

Plicenicians - . 1 

Psammetiehus Eg't 2 

Pharaoh Xecho Eg't 2 



INDEX. 



CoLCMX. Page. 

Pisistratus . . Gr 3 

Phraortes Per 3 

Piiusanias Gr 5 

Plato, Battle of Gr 5 

Pericles Gr 5 

Plato Gr 5 

Peloponnesian War . Gr — 5 

Ptolemies Eg't ... 6,8,10 

Pyrrhus Rom 6 

Philip Gr 7 

Parhasius Gr 7 

Polyerates Eg't; 8 

Punic Wars Rom 8 

Perseus Gr 9 

Pydna, Battle of Gr 9 

Pompey Rom 11 

Pharsilia, B :ttle of. . . Rom 11 

Philippi, B.ttlo of .Rom.... 11 

Pompei Rom 12 

Pliny .. Rom 12 

Plutarch Rom 12 

Pharamand Fr 16 

Pepin Fr 16 

Peter, the Hermit Fr 20 

Philip Augustus Fr 22 

Plantaffcnt, House of. Eng. ....... . 22 

Philip the ll.irdy. Fr 24 

Philip the Fair Fr 2-t 

Paleologus, John Cen. E 25 

Polo, Marco Mis ^ 

Philip IV Fr 26 

Philip V Fr 26 

Poitiers, Battle of Fr 26 

Petrarch Mis 27 

Printing Cen. E 29 

Ponce de Leon Am 30 

Pizarro Am. 30 

Pavia, seige of Fr. .k Sp . . - 30 

Pocahontas Am 34 

Puritans Am 34 

Petition of Rights Eng. & Sco. 34 

Penn. William Am... ;% 

Pascal Fr. &Sp . 36 

Peter, the Great Mis 37 

Pope G. Br 38 

Prior G. Br ... 38 

Pretender the G. Br ..... 38 

Pitt, William . G. Br 38 

Pultowa, Battle of Nor. E 39 

Paris, Tre.-<ty of Am 40 

Putnam, Gen Am 40 

Partition of Poland. ...Rus 41 

Paul Rus 41 

Preble, Com U. S 42 

Perry, Com... U. S 42 

Pushkin Rus 43 

Panic of '37 U. S 44 

Parlimentai-y Reform 

Bill G. Br 44 

Poles Rus 45 



Column. Page. 

Parry Mis , 45 

Panic of '73 U. S 46 

Quakers Am 36 

Queen Annie's War Am 38 

Romulus Rom .... 2 

Regulus Rom 8 

Rubicon, the .,.Rom 11 

Robert Fr 20 

Richard Coeur de Lion Eng 22 

Roscelin . . . Fr 24 

Rudolph Cen.E 25 

Richard II Eng 26 

Reformation the.... . Cen. E 31 

Raphael Cen. E 31 

Raleigh, Sir Walter . Eng. dz .^co. 32 
Richelieu, Cardinal .. Fr. A:Sp.... 34 

Rochell, siege of. Fr. <k Sp — 34 

Rubeni Cen.E ... 35 

Raciene Fr. ct 8p — 34 

Ryswick, Peace of. Fr. c\rSp.... 36 

Restoration, the G. Br 36 

Rembrant Cen.E ....37 

Romanotf, House of — Mis 37 

Richardson G. Br 38 

Rosseau Fr 40 

Robespierre Fr 40 

Reign of Terror Fr 40 

Reynold's, Joshun G. Br ... 40 

Reign of Terror in SpainMis 43 

Richter Cen, E 45 

Ross, Captain Mis 45 

Rai, Dr ... Mis 45 

Snepherd Kings 1 

Sabines Rom 2 

Solon Gr 3 

Salamis, Battle of. — Gr 5 

Sophocles Gr 5 

Socrates Gr 5 

Sogdianus Per 5 

Samnites Rom 6 

Second Punic War Rom 8 

Seipes Rom 8 

Sulla Rom 11 

Sallust Rom 12 

Saxon Heptarchy Eng 16 

Sweyne. Eng, 20 

Solyman >l is 21 

Second Crusade.. Fr 22 

Saladin "Mis 23 

St. Louis. .Fr 24 

Sicillian Vespers, Mas- 
sacre. .Mis — 25 

Switzerland Cen. E 27 

Slaffiich Cen. E 27 

StarChambe, Court of.Eng. Sc Sco. 28 

Sigismund Cen. E 29 

Schfeflfer. Peter Cen. E 29 

Selim Mis 31 

Solyman the Magnifi- 
cent Mis 31 



INDEX. 



Column*. Page. 

St. Agustine Am 32 

Shakespeare, "William .Eng. & Sco. 32 

bydney Eng. «k fcjco. 3: 

Spencer Eng. «k Sco. 32 

Solomon Isles Mis 33 

Siberia Mis 33 

Smitu, Captain John. ..Am. . 34 

Slavery Am 34 

Spinoza Cen. E 37 

Steele G. Br 38 

Swift G. Br 38 

South Sea Bubble G. Br 38 

Second bilesiua AVar ..ten.E 39 

St, Petersburg Mis 39 

Sterne G. Br 40 

Smith G. Br 40 

Seven Years' War Cen. E 41 

Schiller Cen. E 41 

Spinning jenny Mis 41 

' ' frame Mis 41 

Sandwich Isles .... — Mis 41 

Sunday schools Mis 41 

Scott, Gen U. S. - • . 42, 44: 

Seminole War U. S 44 

Scott, Walter G. Br 44 

Stephenson, George — G. Br 44 

Sherman, Gen U. S 46 

Solferins, B.ittleof ....Cen. E 47 

Six Weeks' War Cen. E 47 

Sedan, Battle of Cen. E 47 

Sebastopol Rus 47 

Tarquinius .Rom 2 



TuUius, Servius Rom. 

Tarquiu, the Proud Rom. 

Theniistoeles .- Gr .. 

Thucydides '...Gr .. 

Torqu.itus Rom. 

Timauthes Gr ■ . 



Third Punic War. Rom 8 



Thapsus, Battle of . . .Rom. 

Titus Rom. 

T:citus Rom. .. 

Theodosius Rom . . . 

Taeodoric Rom. . . 

Third Crusade Fr . . . 

Templars Eng 

Tyler, Wat Eng .. 

Tell, William Cen.E. 

Tamerlane Mis 



11 
12 
12 
14 
15 
22 
22 
2<3 
27 
27 
Tudor. House of Eng. & Sco. 30 

3:3 

ai 

36 

a5 

36 
39 
43 
44 
44 



Trent Council of Cen. E . 

Tasso Cen. E 

Tych-Brahe Nor. E- 

Thirty Years' War Cen.E- 

Turenne Cen. E- 

Taylor Gr Br. 

Theresa, Maria Cen. E. 

Tilset, Peace of Cen. B. 

Uyler, John U. S... 

Taylor, Zachary U. S .. 



Column. Pagb 

Turner G. Br 44 

Teorwaldsen Cen E 45 

Thiers, M Pr 4B 

Thackaray U. Br 43 

Tennyson, Alfred G.Br 46 

Turko-Russian War ..Kus .. ... 4^7 
Utrecht, Peace of t v. &: ky. . . cA 

Unification of Italy . L^^n. h 47 

Virginia Rom 4 

Valerius Rom . . 4 

Virgil J om . . . 12 

Vitellius Rom 12 

Vespasian uom . . 12 

Vespucius, Americus Mis. .29 

Vandyck .... s en. E 35 

Voltaire Ir 40 

VanBuren, Martin L. S •• ... 44 
Victo ia, Queen G. Er .46 

Victor Emanuel . Cen.E 47 

William the Conqueror. Eng .20 

William II Eng 20 

Wallace, William Eng . 24 

Wahlestat, Battle of .Mis 25 

AV^ickliffe, John Eng 26 

War of the Roses Eng ...28 

Wolsey, Cardinal Eng & Sco. 30 

White, Captain Am 32 

William of Orange Cen.E .. 33 

White Sea Mis 53 

Winthrop, John Am 34 

Williams, Roger Am 34 

Witchcraft Am . 34 

Walledstein Cen.E 35 

Westphalia, Peace of. Cen. E .35 

Worcester, Battle of. . . Eng. & Sco. 36 

William and Mary G. Br .36 

War of Spanish Succes- 
sion Fr. cfeSp ... 38 

Walpole, Robert G. Br 38 

War of the Austrian 

Succession G. Br 38 

Washington, George... Am 40 

Wedgwood G. Br 40 

Watt, James Mis 41 

AVhitney, Esli Mis 41 

War of 1S22 U S 42 

War with Tripoli U. S i2 

Wellington, Duke of .G. Br 42 

Wagram. Battle of ... Cen. E 43 

Waterloo, Battle of ...Cen E ^i 

Webster, Daniel U. S 44 

Wordsworth G. Br 44 

Weber Cen.E 45 

AVeissenburt', Battle of. Cen. E 47 

AV'orth, Battle of Cen. E 47 

Xenophon Gr 5 

Xerxes Per 5 

Zama, Battle of Car 8 

Zeno Rom 15 

Zollverin Cen- E 45 



